Basic plant design features

Plant drainage system and implications for unit elevations. Prevailing winds and implications for plant layout. 

---

Nero, A. V. 1979. A Guidebook to Nuclear Reactors. Berkeley, CA University of California Press. The first part of this text provides a general introduction to nnclear power plants, including basic reactor design features, environmental interactions, and nnclear power plant emissions. Part 2 discusses commercial nuclear power plants. Uranium resources and other nuclear materials are discussed in Part 3. Part 4 looks into advanced reactor systems. Appendices include abbreviations and nnits, reactions, and the nnclear fuel cycle. A glossary and an index are included. 

Some basic design features are the avoidance of sharp bends, a minimum of line fittings, provision for cleanout, and possibly electrical grounding. In many cases equipment suppliers may wish to do pilot plant work before making final recommendations. Figure... 

Although the basic technologies utilized in this demonstration plant (such as solar, geothermal, H2, and fuel cell technologies) are well established, the described solar-hydrogen power plant does include some unique and original ideas and new design features. 

Very little information concerning fabrication methods and machinery directly is available in the form of dissertations. Equipment for fabricating plastics is expensive and is difficult for research institutions to obtain and maintain with the latest design features. Also, the needs of industry are considerably more specific than the work which can be handled by students of basic technology. For this reason the development of equipment and methods on the manufacturing level usually is done in industrial plants rather than in educational institutions. Dissertations are not likely to prove to be a fertile field for fabrication equipment development ideas. 

These design objectives were carried over to the work on the power reactor PIUS, basically a pressurized water reactor (PWR) in which the primary system has been rearranged in order to accomplish an efficient protection of the reactor core and the nuclear fuel by means of thermal-hydraulic characteristics, in combination with inherent and passive features, without reliance on operator intervention or proper functioning of any mechanical or electrical equipment. Together with wide operating margins, this should make the plant design and its function, in normal operation as well as in transient and accident situations, much more easily understood and with less requirements on the capabilities and qualifications of the operators. 

The acceptance criterion for the resolution of GSI II.c.4, is that plant designers or owner-operators shall perform a PRA. Consistent with the Standardization Rule (10 CFR 52), the assumptions and results of the PRA must be appropriately addressed in an owner-operator reliability program which incorporates such features as determining system availabilities, identifying high component failure rates, determining basic causes for component failures, and identifying possible corrective actions. 

The CANDU 6 is used as the basis for describing the features of the CANDU HWR. All CANDU 6 power plants are fundamentally identical, although there are differences in detail that largely result from different site conditions and from improvements made in the newer designs. The basic design features of the current generation of Indian 220-MWe HWRs and the 500-MWe versions are also generally similar except in some quantitative details. 

Basic design features of the MARS nuclear installation, to be verified with a prototype / pilot plant, include ... 

SAMOILOV O.B., et al., Basic information on design features of the VPBER-600 advanced reactor plant, Review of Design Approaches of Advanced Pressurized LWRs, IAEA-TECDOC-861, Vienna (1996), p.303-327. 

A preliminary (basic) design of the VBER-300 has been completed in 2002. At present, the design is undergoing an expertise in the Rosatom of the Russian Federation. The phase that included the optimization of separate design features and schemes is near completion, and the development of the detailed design is underway. A land based nuclear cogeneration plant with the VBER-300 could be deployed in 2013, and a floating NPP with two VBER-300 reactors could be deployed in 2012. 

This chapter introduces the basic items of design and specification for the principal systems and components of an electrical industrial installation. Electrical supply systems are discussed with regard to interface with the supply authorities and the characteristics. Salient features of switchgear, transformers, protection systems, power factor correction, motor control equipment and standby supplies are identified and discussed together with reference to the relevant codes of practice and standards. The equipment and systems described are appropriate to industrial plant installations operating at typically 11 kV with supply capacities of around 20MVA. 

These conditions allow for the vast majority of production processes (see Section 4.1). In order to make a multipurpose plant really fit for today s broad market requirements, an extension of the standard conditions by adding special features to enhance the flexibility of a plant is an absolute must. Flexibility, however, always has its price. Exotic or highly specialized equipment should to be installed only in a multipurpose plant, if there is a specihc need. Excessive flexibility is counterproductive. In the industrial practice, it has proved to be a good solution to provide space for special equipment in the basic design, and to order and install it only in case of a real demand. 

Marked items marked are considered minimum data required for a HAZOP or What-If review to occur. This data basically contains the layout (plot plan) of the facility, the process design (P ID and process description) and how it will be controlled during an emergency (SAFE chart and fire protection plant). With this information the "experts" can understand the design and operating principles of the facility. Since the emergency isolation, depressurization and fire protection features are provided, it can be readily deduced how the facility will fare from a catastrophic incident. 

We have noted earlier that a refiner or fuel processor must live in an uncertain environment. He is subject to the vagaries of the supply of crude, the requirements of the market, and the perpetual question of the future markets for residual fuel. We have developed a processing approach—using the H-Oil process— which provides the degree of flexibility necessary to cope with this uncertain environment. A schematic flow diagram of such a multi-purpose plant is shown in Figure 8. The basic feature of this plant, which has been designed for the production of 0.3% sulfur fuel oil from various atmospheric residues, is its flexibility with respect to feedstock, product specifications, and future alternative uses of the plant. 

---