Primary system

This main group of characteristics provides information on the design and parameters of the reactor, the main components of the reactor coolant systems and important nuclear safety 

Reactor vessel shape - the basic form of the vessel. Most vessels are cylindrical, with flat or hemispherical ends/heads, but some (e.g. Magnox) reactors may have a spherical vessel. Data providers should choose the appropriate option from the following multiple-choice menu cylindrical-hemispherical end, cylindrical-flat end, spherical. 

Reactor vessel centreline orientation - the basic orientation of the reactor vessel, usually corresponding to that of the fuel assemblies. Most reactors are vertical cylinders, although the calandria in the CANDU reactor is a horizontally-oriented cylinder. Data providers should choose the appropriate option from the multiple-choice menu vertical, horizontal. 

Reactor vessel material specification - data providers should specify precisely the composition of the reactor vessel by stating the percentage of the alloying elements added to the basic carbon steel. The specification should not include the inner cladding. 

Reactor vessel cladding material - the material that has been used for cladding the inner surface of the reactor vessel. Cladding is usually used for concrete or carbon steel pressure vessels to improve their leak tightness or their resistance to corrosion. Data providers should choose the appropriate option from the following multiple-choice menu alloyed steel, stainless steel, N/A. 

---

Boron, in the form of boric acid, is used in the PWR primary system water to compensate for fuel consumption and to control reactor power (3). The concentration is varied over the fuel cycle. Small amounts of the isotope lithium-7 are added in the form of lithium hydroxide to increase pH and to reduce corrosion rates of primary system materials (4). Primary-side corrosion problems are much less than those encountered on the secondary side of the steam generators. 

The BWR water chemistry parameters are given in Table 4 (19). Originally, no additives were made to feedwater—condensate or the primary water. The radiolytic decomposition of the fluid produced varying concentrations of O2 in the reactor vessel, ranging from about 200 ppb O2 in the reactor recirculation water to about 20 ppm O2 in the steam. Stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen were also produced, ie, 2 mL for each mL of O2. Feedwater O2 was about 30 ppb, hence the radiolytic decomposition of the water was a primary factor in determining the behavior of materials in the primary system and feedwater systems. 

Index entries are divided into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary index entries are used when a significant part of the text is devoted to a particular ring system this may be a whole chapter, or a section or subsection. Secondary index entries are used when a heterocyclic system is mentioned in a chapter devoted to another (primary) system. This may be, for example, as a starting material or as a product, or in a discussion comparing properties. 

The intensity of an eailhquake is a subjective assessment of its effects on the primary systems and inhabitants in surrounding areas and is measured on the Mercalli scale. As noted above, this decreases with distance from the epicentre while the magnitude remains the same. For details refer to DD ENV 1998. Generally, the magnitude and intensity of an earthquake at a location are interrelated. 

To test large to very large objects such as primary systems, where a laboratory test is not practical, seismic checks are established through analytical means. Similarly, for very large and heavy secondary systems such as turbines, alternators or transformers and reactors also their... 

Table S.16 presents data on some representative nucleophilic substitution processes. The first entry illustrates the use of 1-butyl-l-r/p-bromobenzenesulfonate to dononstrate at primary systems react with inversion, even under solvolysis conditkms in formic acid. The observation of inversion indicates a concerted mechanism in fids weakly nucleophilic solvent.

MKI The Mark I containment consists of two separate structures (volumes) connected by a series of l.irae pipes One volume, the dry well, houses the reactor vessel and primary system components. The other i oUmic is a torus, called the wetwell, containing a large amount of water used for pressure suppression and as, i heai sink. The Brunswick units use a reinforced concrete structure with a steel liner. All other M,uk 1 cnni.un ments are free-standing steel structures, The Mark I containments are inerted during plant oper.mon i. prevent hydrogen combustion. 

The Primary LOCA sequences. result from expansion joint breaks (51/59) and large break LCXZAs (8/59). Response to LOCAs in the primary system involves shutdown, emergency injection makeup of... 

The Loss of Heat Sink has three subclasses total loss of primary system circulation (5%), los,s of secondary cooling from effluent header failures (1 %), and total loss of secondary cooling from inlet... 

MH electrodes 210 primary cells 1,282 primary systems 17 prismatic nickel MH battery 29 pristine, CBSEI 438... 

Element Primary system (ppm) Secondary system (ppm) Method of analysis... 

The primary systemic targets of endosulfan toxicity in animals following dermal exposure are the liver and kidney. Adverse hematological effects have also been observed following dermal administration of endosulfan. No studies were located regarding musculoskeletal effects in humans or animals after dermal exposure to endosulfan. 

Hpp describes the primary system by a quantum-chemical method. The choice is dictated by the system size and the purpose of the calculation. Two approaches of using a finite computer budget are found If an expensive ab-initio or density functional method is used the number of configurations that can be afforded is limited. Hence, the computationally intensive Hamiltonians are mostly used in geometry optimization (molecular mechanics) problems (see, e. g., [66]). The second approach is to use cheaper and less accurate semi-empirical methods. This is the only choice when many conformations are to be evaluated, i. e., when molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo calculations with meaningful statistical sampling are to be performed. The drawback of semi-empirical methods is that they may be inaccurate to the extent that they produce qualitatively incorrect results, so that their applicability to a given problem has to be established first [67]. 

As stated in Sect. 2.3, hybrid schemes suffer from the dilemma that using semiempirical methods gives a wrong description of the primary system whereas ab initio methods are so expensive that the affordable number of time steps does not allow proper statistical-mechanical sampling. For selected systems, however, there is a possibility of using very accurate methods and still executing many time steps. The requirements on the system are that the internal conformational space of the primary system is finite and that the primary system can be described by only a few active degrees of freedom. 

The use of preoperative systemic therapy is gaining favor in both early-stage and locally advanced breast cancers. This approach to therapy, referred to as neoadjuvant or primary systemic therapy, most often consists of chemotherapy but in special circumstances also may include hormonal therapy (e.g., in inoperable patients with significant comorbidities). The advantages of preoperative systemic therapy include... 

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, T/null cell, primary systemic type Hodgkin s Lymphoma (Hodgkin s Disease)... 

There are a couple of items to note about MedDRA and the preceding sample SAS code. First, the example assumes that you have already managed to read the system organ class, preferred term, and lowest-level term data tables from the MedDRA dictionary into SAS. Second, the preferred terms may map to more than one system organ class. In this case, MedDRA provides a variable at the preferred term level to indicate what the primary system organ class is. So, you may need to subset the preferred term data set in the example in order to select just the primary system organ class. 

The primary system of cannabimimetic activity is the nervous system. The CB1 receptor is omnipresent in the brain, especially in areas that control functions affected by cannabimimetics. One of the functions most pronouncedly influenced by cannabimimetics is motor behavior. Catalepsy, immobility, ataxia, and impairment of complex behavioral acts after acute administration of high doses of cannabimimetics are manifestations of such motor effects (Pertwee, 1997). In lower doses cannabimimetics produce the opposite effects. The very dense presence of CB1 in the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, areas responsible for motor activity, is... 

Landfills have two LCRSs a primary LCRS and a secondary LCRS. Any leachate that penetrates the primary system and enters the secondary system must be removed. Vertical standpipes are used... 

Rupture of a large-size pipe, capable of causing complete loss of coolant and depressurization of the primary system... 

---