B-lymphocyte development

Melchers, F. Murine embryonic B lymphocyte development in the placenta, Nature, 277,... 

Coleclough, C., Cooper, D., Perry, R.P. (1980). Rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes during B-lymphocyte development as revealed by studies of mouse plasmacytoma cells. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 77,1422-1426. 

Loken, M.R., Shah, V.O., Dattilio, K.L., Civin, C.I. (1987). Flow cytometric analysis of human bone marrow. II. Normal B lymphocyte development. Blood 70,1316-1324. 

Siden, E., Alt, F.W., Shinefeld, L., Sato, V., Baltimore, D. (1981). Synthesis of immunoglobulin p chain gene products precedes synthesis of light chains during B-lymphocyte development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 1823-1827. 

Briefly suimnai ize the major steps in B lymphocyte development. 

Lymphoid Tumors. Lymphoid tumors, such as lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemias, arise from less mature stages in B-lymphocyte development about one in five produce paraproteins, usually of the IgM class. 

Melchers F, Relink A. B-lymphocyte development and biology. In Paul W, ed. Fundamental Immunology. 4th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott-Raven Publishers 1999 183-224. 

Senesi, S., Freer, G., Batoni, G. el al. (1992). Purine metabolism and B-lymphocyte development in the chicken bursa of Fabricius. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 16, 197—207. 

Vol. 245/1 Justement, Louis B. Simino-vitch, Katherine A, (Eds.) Signal Transduction and the Coordination of B Lymphocyte Development and Function I. 2000. 22 figs. XVI, 274 pp. ISBN 3-540-66002-X... 

Nagasawa, T. (2007) The chemokine CXCL12 and regulation of HSC and B lymphocyte development in the bone marrow niche. Advances in Experimental Medicine and BioU, 602, 69-75. 

Monoclonal antibodies (mAh) are molecules that recognize and bind a specific foreign substance called an antigen. They are produced from a single clone of B lymphocytes. Conventionally, mouse mAh have been generated for experimental and diagnostic use. Techniques have been developed to humanize mouse mAh to facilitate their therapeutic use in humans. It is also now possible to make mAh which are fully human. 

The hallmark of T- and B-lymphocytes is that each single lymphocyte expresses antigen receptors of a single specificity that was created randomly during the development of that individual lymphocyte. This is achieved mainly by sequential genetic rearrangement... 

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells, stimulates B-cells in different stages of their development. It may act as a growth factor or as a differentiation factor, causing B-lymphocytes to switch antibody to IgE. In T-cells it causes differentiation into TH2-cells. 

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

Syk and ZAP-70 are early intermediates in the transduction of signals from immune receptors, including the B- and T-cell recqrtors for antigen, activatory natural killer-cell receptors, the mast cell and basophil receptor for IgE, and the widely distributed receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Immune receptors control checkpoints in lymphocyte development and serve to integrate the responses of innate and acquired immunity. 

Wurbel MA, Malissen M, Guy-Grand D, et al. Mice lacking the CCR9 CC-chemokine receptor show a mild impairment of early T- and B-cell development and a reduction in T-cell receptor gammadelta(+) gut intraepithelial lymphocytes. Blood 2001 98 2626-2632. 

Tokoyoda K, Egawa T, Sugiyama T, Choi BI, Nagasawa T. Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behavior within bone marrow during development. Immunity 2004 20(6) 707-718. 

IFN-y also directly modulates the immune response by affecting growth, differentiation and function of both T- and B-lymphocytes. These effects are quite complex and are often influenced by additional cytokines. IFN-y acts as a growth factor in an autocrine manner for some T cell sub-populations, and it is capable of suppressing growth of other T cell types. It appears to have an inhibitory effect on development of immature B-lymphocyte populations, but it may support mature B cell survival. It can both up-regulate and down-regulate antibody production under various circumstances. 

The mechanisms of autoimmunity may also entail interaction with MHC structures determined by the HLA alleles. Individuals carrying certain HLA alleles have been shown to be predisposed to certain autoimmune diseases, which may account in part for the genetic variability of autoimmunity. In addition, metabolites of a particular drug may vary between individuals to confound the development of drug-induced autoimmunity. Dendritic cells, such as the Langerhans cells of the skin and B lymphocytes that function to present antigens to Th cells, express class-II... 

When B lymphocytes are stimulated by antigen they develop into plasma cells. The receptor of plasma cells can be secreted from the cell because some of these molecules lack the hydrophobic domain that normally anchors the receptor to the plasma membrane. These secreted molecules are immunoglobulins or antibodies and have a common structure (Fig. 1.8). They are found in a variety of bodily fluids and in many tissues. 

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