Smoking regulation

Barone-Adesi F, Vizzini L, Merletti F. Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006 27(20) 2468-72. 

Rodgman, A. Environmental tobacco smoke Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (1992) 223-244. 

The Manchester chemical industry based many of its objections against local smoke regulations on the defence that technical and scientific means had not yet been devised to make smoke-consumption in the industry efficient and feasible (see below). River pollution standards were similarly resisted by the industry, George E. Davis arguing that it was a wrong method to exact maximum residts in purification before at least one half of the works in operation can be shown to... 

In particular, PB and PMP are inert materials and usually present no health hazard. PMP is employed extensively for a number of medical and food packaging appHcations. Several grades conform to FDA regulations and to the health standards of other countries. Flammability of polyolefin resins is equal to that of PP, around 2.5 cm /min (ASTM D635). However, during combustion or pyrolysis, smoke, fumes, and toxic decomposition products are formed and can pose a health hazard. 

Flammability. PhenoHcs have inherently low flammabiHty and relatively low smoke generation. For this reason they are widely used in mass transit, tiinnel-building, and mining. Fiber glass-reinforced phenoHc composites are capable of attaining the 1990 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations for total heat release and peak heat release for aircraft interior facings (1,70). 

Workplace exposure limits for benzene have been regulated to levels as low as 0.5 ppm (43). Industrial emissions affecting the pubHc ate now low enough that the EPA considers that a greater hazard exists from mosdy indoor sources such as smoking, automobile exhausts, and consumer products (44). 

Limits on emissions are both subjective and objective. Subjective limits are based on the visual appearance or smell of an emission. Objective limits are based on physical or chemical measurement of the emission. The most common form of subjective limit is that which regulates the optical density of a stack plume, measured by comparison with a Ringelmann chart (Fig. 25-1). This form of chart has been in use for over 90 years and is widely accepted for grading the blackness of black or gray smoke emissions. Within the past four decades, it has been used as the basis for "equivalent opacity" regulations for grading the optical density of emissions of colors other than black or gray. 

Before the widespread acceptance of the Ringelmann scale, smoke was regulated by prohibiting the emission of black smoke. Now regulatory... 

Mobile sources include railroad locomotives, marine vessels, aircraft, and automotive vehicles. Over the past 100 years, we have gained much experience in regulating smoke and odor emission from locomotives and marine craft. Methods of combustion equipment improvement, firefighter training, and smoke inspection for these purposes are well documented. This type of control is best at the local level. 

The practice of smudging is still carried out in many areas to protect orchards from frost. Petroleum products are burned in pots, producing both heat and smoke. Since the heat is the desirable product, smokeless heaters with return ducts to reburn the smoke are required by most air pollution control agencies. Some control agencies have passed regulations limiting the smoke to 0.5 or 1.0 gm per minute per burner. 

The markets for polyetherimides arise to an extent from stricter regulations concerning flammability and smoke evolution coupled with such features as high strength, toughness and heat resistance. Application areas include car under-the-bonnet uses, microwave equipment, printed circuit boards and aerospace (including carbon-fibre-reinforced laminated materials). The polymer is also of interest in flim, fibre and wire insulation form. 

The Dark Smoke (Permitted Periods) Regulations, give details on circumstances and time limits when dark smoke is allowed. 

SI 1969/1263 Clean Air (Emissions of Dark Smoke) (Exemption) Regulations... 

SI 1991/1282 Smoke Control Areas (Authorized Euels) Regulations... 

Sets out ancillary controls related to air pollution control including regulation of smoke, grit, dust and fume emissions from non-prescnbed mdustnal processes provision of a lower level of control over some smaller combustion plants not covered by IPC or LAAPC prohibition of the emission of dark smoke from any chimney or industrial premises. 

ETA 4 Air containing impurities and odors detrimental to health, in concentrations higher than regulations allow. Industrial processes, laboratories, smoking lounges. 

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