Desired value

Volatility is one of the most important properties of a hydrocarbon solvent. Volatility has a direct relation to the time it takes to evaporate the solvent and, therefore, to the drying time for the dissolved product. The desired value of volatility varies greatly with the nature of the dissolved product and its application temperature. Therefore, whether it be an ink that needs to dry at ambient temperature, sometimes very fast, or whether it be an extraction solvent, the volatility needs are not the same. 

Figure 7-15. Healing and equilibration phase of a typical MD simulation, In the ideal case, the temperature should fluctuate around the desired value (here 298 K), and the potential energy should remain constant. Remember that the total energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy, the latter being directly coupled to the temperature of the system,...

The action of the manostat may be explained with the aid of Fig. II, 23, 6. Mercury is introduced into the container until the disc of the float just makes contact with the oriflce, when the pressure is equalised inside and outside the float. The device is connected to the pump and to the system by way of a large reservoir and a manometer. With the stopcock open, the pressure in the system is reduced by way of a by-pass between the pump and the system until the desired value as read on the manometer is reached, then both the stopcock and by-pass are... 

Conversely, to find the % transmittance corresponding to an absorbance between 1 and 2, subtract 1 from the absorbance, find the % transmittance corresponding to the result, and divide by 10. For example, an absorbance of 1.219 can best be converted to % transmittance by noting that an absorbance of 0.219 would correspond to 60.4% transmittance dividing this by 10 gives the desired value, 6.04% transmittance. For absorbance values between 2 and 3, subtract 2 from the absorbance, find the % transmittance corresponding to the result, and divide by 100. 

Electron Level Position. One essential condition of spectral sensitization by electron transfer is that the LUMO of the dye be positioned above the bottom of the conduction band, eg, > —3.23 eV in AgBr or > —4.25 eV in ZnO (108). To provide the desired frontier level position respectively to the valence and conduction bands of the semiconductor, it is necessary to use a polymethine with suitable electron-donor abiHty (Pq. Increasing the parameter (Pq leads to the frontier level shift up, and vice versa. Chain lengthening is known to be accompanied by a decrease of LUMO energy and hence by a decrease of sensitization properties. As a result, it is necessary to use dyes with high electron-donor abiHty for sensitization in the near-ir. The desired value of (Pq can be provided by end groups with the needed topological index Oq or suitable substituents (112). 

Methanol. Methanol is produced by stoichiometric reaction of CO and H2. The syngas produced by coal gasification contains insufficient hydrogen for complete conversion to methanol, and partial CO shifting is required to obtain the desired concentrations of H2, CO, and CO2. These concentrations are expressed in terms of a stoichiometric number, ((H2 — CO)/(H2 + CO2), which has a desired value of 2. In some cases CO2 removal is required to achieve the stoichiometric number target. CO and H2 are then reacted to form methanol in a catalytic methanol synthesis reactor. 

Mathematically, the mean value is the desired value for further analysis. 

From this equation, the desired tapping of the auto-transformer, to limit the starting current to a desired value can be determined. 

The 4 hr hot test shall be at the normal point exhaust temperature or 1,000°F, whichever is higher. Tlie temperature may be attained by recirculating the air heated by windage in a closed loop the temperature shall be controlled within 25°F of the desired value by adding steam to the loop. During the hot test, the vibration shall be monitored for conformance to the specified limits. 

The eore manufaeturer provides a parameter ealled L for eaeh airgap length. This parameter is the induetanee of the eore when 1,000 turns is plaeed on it (U.S.). To determine the number of turns required to aehieve the desired value of induetanee one solves Equation 3.29 ... 

There are very few surface mount capacitors with the desired value, voltage rating, and low ESR all in one part. It would be more conservative to parallel two capacitors of no less than one-half the desired capacitance value. This allows many more second sourced capacitors to be used and lowers the ESR. Lets use two 330 pF, 10 V tantalum capacitors in parallel. The Candidates now become ... 

It is conventional to refer to the system being controlled as the plant, and this, as with other elements, is represented by a block diagram. Some inputs, the engineer will have direct control over, and can be used to control the plant outputs. These are known as control inputs. There are other inputs over which the engineer has no control, and these will tend to deflect the plant outputs from their desired values. These are called disturbance inputs. 

Knowledge of the desired value It is neeessary to know what it is you are trying to eontrol, to what aeeuraey, and over what range of values. This must be expressed in the form of a performanee speeifieation. In the physieal system this information must be eonverted into a form suitable for the eontroller to understand (analogue or digital signal). 

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