World resources

An assessment of world potash resources (108) is shown in Table 15. Of the 67 x 10 t of total estimated reserves and resources in Canada, nearly 5 X 10 t is recoverable by conventional mining methods and the remainder by solution mining. As of 1974, Canada had about half of the known world reserves and about 90% of known world resources of potassium. 

World resources of sulfur have been summarized (110,111). Sources, ie, elemental deposits, natural gas, petroleum, pyrites, and nonferrous sulfides are expected to last only to the end of the twenty-first century at the world consumption rate of 55.6 x 10 t/yr of the 1990s. However, vast additional resources of sulfur, in the form of gypsum, could provide much further extension but would require high energy consumption for processing. 

Iron. World reserves are placed at 236 x 10 t of ore containing 90 x 10 t of iron world resources are estimated at 180 x 10 t of iron. Only a small fraction of world production is required for fertilizer use. 

Total known world resources of platinum-group metals have been variously estimated as between 68,000 (7) and 96,000 metric tons (8). Assuming the former estimate and 1979 levels of demand, these reserves should be sufficient to supply the Western world weU into the twenty-fourth century. Reserves and relative proportions of the PGMs in the larger deposits are given in Tables 5 and 6. Relative amounts of the PGMs vary from deposit to deposit. 

World Resources Institute, World Resources 1988—89 Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1988. 

Resources. World resources of silver are estimated to be about half a million tons. However, only about 250,000 metric tons are considered economically recoverable reserves. These are associated with ores of copper, gold, lead, and 2inc, and extraction depends on the economic recovery of those metals. Canada and the CIS vie for the greatest reserves of silver in the ground. 

Ocean Nodules. A less conventional copper resource consists of deep-sea ferromanganese nodules. These nodules are primarily manganese, but some deposits contain over 1% copper. The nodules occur at many ocean sites, but the most valuable deposits are found in the Pacific Ocean. Although a number of companies are studying methods for recovering values from this source, copper resources from nodules must be considered tentative. World resources are estimated at 0.7 biUion metric tons (8) (see Ocean raw materials). 

T. Darwent (ed.). World Resources - Engineering Solutions, Inst. Civil Engineers, London, 1976. 

Kosmo, M. (1987). Money to Buni The High Costs of Energy Subsidies. World Resources Institute. 

World Resources 1986, World Resources Institute 1986. Basic Books 1985, New York, p. 351. 

World Resources Institute. World Resources 1990-91 Oxford University Press New York, NY, 1990. 

Class meetings are three times weekly, two hours of lecture and one hour for group discussion. Text material includes a basic reference. World Resources 1990-91 (World Resources Institute, Oxford University Press, 1990), and supplemental references provided from time to time, including available GCI modular materials, articles from recent periodicals, and news items from the daily press. 

K.Tahara, S.Sinha, R.Sakamoto, T.Kojima, K.Taneda, A.Funasaki, T. Ohtaki, and A.Inaba, World Resources Review, 13(2001)52. 

ICE, Inc. International Climate Policy, Inc (2009). GHG Protocol HFC Tool (Version 1.0), World Resources Initiative, http //www.wri.org (accessed 23.10.10). 

Crane, E. (1990). Bees and Beekeeping Science, Practice and World Resources, pp. 388-451. Heinemann Newnes, Oxford. 

Depending upon lithologic and structural relationship with host rocks, mineralogy, attendant alteration, paragenesis and spatial and temporal constraints, the uranium resources of the world can be assigned to the 15 main categories of uranium ore deposits. They have been shown numerically numbered in sequence in the order of their approximate economic significance in Table 1.18. At present, only 7 can be said to be economically important (see Table 1.19) and these account for more than 95% of the world resources of ura-... 

Goldenberg, et ah. Energy for Development, World Resources Institute, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., 1987. 

Heaton, G.R., Repetto, R. and Sobin, R., Backs to the Future U.S. Government Policy Towards Environmentally Critical Technology, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Baumert KA, Herzog T, Pershing J. Navigating the Numbers Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy. USA World Resources Institute 2005. 93 p.ISBN ... 

Technical Guidance for calculating scope 3 emissions, World Resources Institute World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2013. 

Table I C02 emissions of some countries according to World Resources 1990-1991...

Zeman, F.S. and Lackner, K.S., Capturing carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere, World Resource Rev., 16(2), 157-172, 2004. 

Dover M, Talbot LM (1987) To feed the earth agro-ecology for sustainable development. World Resources Institute, Washington DC... 

World Resources Institute (1999). World Resources 1998-1999. The World Bank and the United Nations Environment Program, www.wri.org. 

Water sources could be another problem for hydrogen production, particularly in sunny regions that are well-suited for solar power. A study by the World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C. estimated that obtaining adequate hydrogen with electrolysis would require more than 4 trillion gallons of water yearly. This is equal to the flow over Niagara Falls every 90 days. Water consumption in the U.S. could increase by about 10%. 

WRI (World Resources Institute) (2006). Hot Climate, Cool Commerce A Service Sector Guide to Greenhouse Gas Management. WRI Report prepared by Putt del Pino, S., Levinson, R. and Larsen, J. Washington D.C. WRI. 

Storm water runoff from cities and villages presents another problem. This runoff contains salts from road deicing, street refuse, animal waste, food litter, residue from atmospheric deposition of sulfuric and nitric acid, metals, asbestos from automobile brakes, rubber from tires, hydrocarbons from motor vehicle exhaust condensates, oil and grease, soil and inorganic nutrients from construction sites, and a variety of other chemicals. Research shows a heavy impact of urban nonpoint pollution on freshwater quality (World Resources Institute, 1988). 

World Resources Institute (1988) Report of the International Institute for Environment and Development, U.N. Environment Programme, New York, p. 127. 

Despite the benefits from stringent legislation and advances in environmental technology, the increase in the fleet of automotive vehicles and overpopulation in urban areas results in bad ah quality. It is estimated that up to 45% of Europe s urban population remains exposed to particulate concentrations above limit values, and up to 30% to ozone concentrations above target levels that assure human health protection. The concentrations of various pollutants in the atmosphere in various cities across Europe are shown in Table 1.4. The data in the table are from WHO s Healthy Cities Air Management Information System and the World Resources Institute, which relies on various national... 

Miller, K., Chang, E. and Johnson, N. 2001. Defining Common Ground for the MesoAmerican Biological Corridor. World Resource Institute, Washington DC. 

The estimated world resources of Zr were published in 1968 (Ref 13). The United States is believed to have the largest reserves of Zr in the world, as shown in Table 2. But the recovery of Zr from domestic sources is economically feasible only as a byproduct of the Ti manufacture. Large quantities of zircon are obtainable through the mining and processing of phosphate rock. Commercial recovery of Zr from these sources is subject to the economics or Zr utilization... 

World Resources Company of Phoenix, Arizona is a recycling company that receives non-organic metal-bearing sludges from California and other states, dries the sludges, and sends them for metal recovery to various smelters, depending on the types of metals they contain. 

In addition to some diininishinent of mercury usage for various products because of increasing awareness of us toxiciiy potential, conservation-minded technologists also have pointed to the relatively limited world resources ol (lie metal. Considerable ingenuity has heen used to replace... 

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