Automatic systems, discrete

Not all the nutrients required during fermentation are initially provided in the culture medium. Some are sterilized separately by batch or continuous sterilization and then added whilst the fermentation is in progress, usually via automatic systems that allow a preset programme of continuous or discrete aseptic additions. 

Filtering systems can be roughly divided Into continuous and discrete. The former, much more Interesting with a view to automation, are the subject of the remainder of this section automatic discrete filtering Is carried out chiefly by robot stations and a few automatic systems (see Fig. 4.21). 

In this chapter, we first discuss flow injection analysis (ITA), a recent and important type of continuous flow method. We next consider microfluidic systems, which are miniaturized types of continuous flow units. We then describe several types of discrete automatic systems, several of which are based on laboratory robotics. 

CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE Atiloiiialed Mrlliods of Analysis 33A Overview 929 33B Flow Injection Analysis 931 33C Microlluidics 940 33D Discrete Automatic Systems 942 Questions and Problems 948... 

This Code does not require the use of automatic valves, nor does the Code imply that the use of automatic valves presently developed will provide full protection to a piping system. Their use and installation shall be at the discretion of the operating company. 

LSC 2000 (concentrator) ALS 2016, 2032, (discrete automatic samplers) automatic sample heater ALS 2050 (vial sampling system)... 

A multi-channel sample instrument or an automatic switching valve can be used when multiple locations or samples need to be monitored simultaneously. For example, such systems have been developed and manufactured which can monitor multiple points from a central location, including both continuous and discrete sampling systems. The systems can be connected to either PC s or process computers for further data processing or for activation of process controllers or operation alarms. 

Since ISEs can be used in continuous flow systems or in flow systems with sample injection (flow injection analysis, FIA)21 their application is wide, not limited to discrete samples. Analysis time becomes shorter, with faster recycling. Additionally, in flow systems the experimental assembly and data analysis can be controlled automatically by microcomputer, including periodic calibration. Another development is the use of sensors for the detection of eluents of chromatographic columns in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Miniaturization has permitted an increase in the use of sensors in foods, biological tissues, and clinical analyses in general. 

In systems where heterogeneous chemical equilibria prevail, both chemical and phase equilibrium conditions must be simultaneously satisfied. In practice, this means that the chemical equilibrium condition—Eq. (51) in the discrete description, and Eq. (60) in the continuous one—must be satisfied in one phase, and the phase equilibrium condition [/( or fi(x) to be the same in all phases] must be satisfied this clearly guarantees that the chemical equilibrium condition is automatically satisfied in all phases. 

The numerical Method of Lines as implemented in the routine NDSolve of the Mathematica system deals with system (32) by employing the default fourth order finite difference discretization in the spatial variable Z, and creating a much larger coupled system of ordinnary equations for the transformed dimensionless temperature evaluated on the knots of the created mesh. This resulting system is internally solved (still inside NDSolve routine) with Gear s method for stiff ODE systems. Once numerical results have been obtained and automatically interpolated by NDSolve, one can apply the inverse expression (31.b) to obtain the full dimensionless temperature field. 

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