Automatic injection system

In some BWR transient scenarios, the high pressure injection systems are postulated to fail. To make use of the low pressure injection system, it is necessary to depressurize the reactor coolant system, a function performed by the automatic depressurization system (ADS). In the scenario considered, ADS actuation is manual because the signals for automatic initiation of the system are not present. 

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Figure 9.1 Schematic representation of a basic capillary electrophoresis system. The main components include a capillary (commonly contained within a housing that allows for temperature control), a power supply, and a detector. Automation is achieved through the use of computer-controlled setting of solutions and samples, displacement forces (to replace capillary contents and for hydrodynamic injection), and automatic data collection. (Courtesy of Agilent Technologies.)...

Chromatography. Compounds of essential oil were determined by the means HEWLETT -PACKARD 5890 Series 11 system, with capillary coluttm HP-5, FID detector, Split-spht less system for injection and automatic injector HP 7673. 

The chromatographic process begins by injecting the solute onto the top of the column. The solvent need not be the mobile phase, but frequently it is appropriately chosen to avoid detector interference, column/analyte interference, loss in efficiency, or all of these. Sample introduction can be accomplished in various ways. The simplest method is to use an injection valve. In more sophisticated LC systems, automatic sampling devices are incorporated where sample introduction is done with tire help of autosamplers and microprocessors. It is always best to remove particles from the sample by filtering, or centrifuging since continuous injections of particulate material will eventually cause blockage of injection devices or columns. 

Fig. 37. Schematic representation of the in-containment passive safety injection system (PS1S). 1RWST = in-containment refueling water storage tank. PRHR-HX = passive residual heat removal heat exchanger. ADS = automatic depressurization system (four stages). (Westinghouse)...

Poy, F., Visani, S., and Tenosi, F. (1981). Automatic injection in high-resolution gas chromatography A programmed temperature vaporizer as a general purpose injection system. J. Chromatogr. 217, 81-90. 

The most sophisticated way of coupling the two chromatographs is a fraction transfer system comprising one eight-port injection valve (see Fig. 15). With two storage loops, it is possible to collect fractions continuously without losses. When starting the separation, loop 1 is in the LOAD position, whereas loop 2 is in the INJECT position. Each of the loops has a volume of 100-200 pi. When the first fraction leaves the HPLC system, it enters loop 1 and fills it. When loop 1 is completely filled with the fraction, the injection valves automatically switch to the opposite positions, i.e. loop 1 is then connected to the SEC system in the... 

A Zymate II Pye system for automated analysis by the Zymark Corporation (USA) with on-line HPLC has been set up and used for content uniformity tests and assays, including process validation, for a variety of drug products in our QC laboratory since January 1992. The robotic system automatically performs the following operations preparation of sample and reference standard solutions, injection into HPLC, HPLC analyses, and generation of reports. 

All capsule pipeline systems include a pipe, many capsules, an injection system to inject capsules into the pipe, a pumping system to pump the fluid and capsules through the pipe, an ejection system to eject the capsules from the pipe, an instrumentation system to monitor the flow rate, pressure, temperature, and the passage of capsules at key locations, and an automatic control system that uses programmable logic controllers and an SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). 

Chomchoei, R., Miro, M., Hansen, E. H., and Shiowatana, J. (2005b). Sequential injection system incorporating a micro-extraction column for automatic fractionation of metal ions in solid samples comparison of the extraction profiles when employing uni-, bi-, and multi-bidirectional flow plus stopped flow sequential extraction modes. Anal. Chim. Acta. 536, 183 — 190. 

Zhi, Z.-L., Rios, A., and Valcarcel, M. (1996). Direct processing and analysis of solid and other complex samples with automatic flow injection systems. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 26, 239-260. 

The principle behind this method consists of introducing consecutive known amounts of adsorbate to the sample holder, which is kept at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). Adsorption of the injected gas onto the sample causes the pressure to slowly decrease until an equilibrium pressure is established in the manifold. The injection system of the Sorptomatic 1990 consists of a calibrated piston, where both the pressure and the injection volume can be automatically varied by the system according to the adsorption rate and the required resolution. The piston method is advantageous over other methods as it does not increase the manifold dead volume, even as the system waits for pressure equilibration. A small dead volume over the sample makes the instrument very sensitive to the... 

F. R. Nordmeyer and L. D. Hansen, Automatic dialyzing-injecting system for liquid chromatography of ions and small molecules. Anal Chem.,. 54,2605,1982. 

To 200 pL of a 100 pmol/L indole, I or II in dimethylformamide (DMF) (indole and II were also dissolved in CH3CN) was added 100 pL of 1-200 mmol/L NaOH. After standing for 25 s, the CL reaction was initiated by the addition of 100 pL of 1-1000 mmol/L H2O2 using the automatic injection system in the luminometer. The CL emission was measured for 5 min, and the integral photon counts were used for estimating the CL intensities. 

The injector, which is the sample s entrance to the chromatograph, has different functions. Besides its role as an inlet for the sample, it must vaporize, mix with the carrier gas and bring about the sample at the head of the column. The characteristics of the injectors, as well as the modes of injection, differ according to column type. The use of an automatic injection system can significantly enhance measurement precision. 

Self-optimisation can be performed by taking advantage of the versatility inherent in the sequential injection system. The best analytical response can be attained by automatically varying the main parameters according to a previously defined optimisation algorithm [96]. 

K. Shimada, T. Shimoda, H. Kokusen, S. Nakano, Automatic microdistillation flow-injection system for the spectrophotometric determination of fluoride, Talanta 66 (2005) 80. 

T.P. Lynch, A.F. Taylor, J.N. Wilson, Fully automatic flow injection system for the determination of uranium at trace levels in ore leachates, Analyst 108 (1983) 470. 

One of the most important fields in which automatic devices can be used successfully is clinical chemistry because of the complexity of the matrix, and because of the number of analyses that must be performed in a very short time. For example, an automatic device is recommended for automation of urea assay to monitor urea in hemodialysis fluids,242 an important measure for human health. The urea analyzer consists of a flow injection system, a signal processing module, and an IBM-compatible PC. The flow system plays a major role in urea assay and can be schematically represented as shown in Figure 7.2. The quality, objectivity, and reliability of the analytical information obtained using this analyzer is good, and the analyzer has the added benefit of making it possible to assay urea without taking blood samples. 

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