Eczema Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Topical Apply to affected area twice dailyfor up to 3 weeks (up to 6 weeks in adolescents, children 2-17yr). Rub in gently and completely. 

The client diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (eczema) is prescribed tacrolimus ointment (Protopic). Which interventions should the nurse implement Select all that apply. 

Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis include the presence of pruritus with three or more of the following (1) history of flexural dermatitis of the face in children younger than 10 years of age (2) history of asthma or allergic rhinitis in the child or a first-degree relative (3) history of generalized xerosis (dry skin) within the past year (4) visible flexural eczema (5) onset of rash before 2 years of age. 

Eczema does not occur in the absence ofT cells. Here we provide an overview on the regulatory impact which T cells have on the establishment and maintenance of atopic dermatitis. Particularly, we outline the role of different T-helper cell subsets (i.e.Th-l,Th-2,T-regulatory andTh-17 cells) and their distinct influence on the cutaneous inflammatory reaction at different stages of the disease. Eczema is characterized by epidermal inflammation and thus T-cell/ker-atinocyte interactions are of particular relevance in this condition. Alterations in innate and adaptive immunity involving cells result in susceptibility to skin infections and in hyperreactivity reactions to environmental stimuli which in turn determine the course and severity of atopic dermatitis. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel... 

A murine model of food-induced atopic dermatitis confirmed the important role of specific T cells in eczema here, C3H/HeJ mice were orally sensitized to cow s milk or peanut and thereafter exposed to the allergen. An eczematous eruption developed in approximately one third of mice after low-grade exposure to milk or peanut proteins. Histological examination of lesional skin revealed spongiosis and a cellular infiltrate mainly consisting of CD4-I- lymphocytes. 

Patients sensitized to pollen allergens often develop an IgE response to cross-reactive food allergens. Birch pollen-related food may lead to an exacerbation of eczema in a subpopulation of patients with atopic dermatitis and sensitization to birch pollen allergens. A birch pollen-specific T-cell response could be detected in lesional skin of these responding patients. T-cell cross-reactivity between Bet v 1 and related food allergens can occur independently of IgE cross-reactivity in vitro and in vivo. This has been shown in atopic dermatitis patients who developed late eczematous skin reactions to cooked food which was shown to elicit T-cell but not IgE-mediated responses [11]. 

Th-2 Cytokines Have Numerous Effects on Cutaneous Cells in Atopic Dermatitis In acute eczema, IL-4 and IL-13 induce a variety of local responses such as the induction of the adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, of chemokines or of Fc receptors on eosinophils [1]. Recent findings point to direct effects of IL-4 and... 

It has been shown that IFN-y induces Fas on keratinocytes which renders them susceptible to apoptosis induction by infiltrating FasL+ T cells. This has been interpreted as an important event in eczema, mainly in atopic dermatitis. There is further evidence that cleavage of E-cadherin and sustained desmosomal cadherin contacts between keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis result in spon-gioform morphology in the epidermis as a hallmark of eczematous lesions. Suppression of keratinocyte activation and apoptosis thus remains a potential target for the treatment of atopic dermatitis [2]. 

Pruritus Relief of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses Contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, nummular eczema, stasis eczema, asteatotic eczema, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, insect and arthropod bite reactions, first- and second-degree localized burns, and sunburns. 

Both topical and systemic PUVA are useful in some patients with vitiligo, although repigmentation is rarely complete. Other skin diseases for which PUVA may be helpful include atopic dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, and polymorphous light eruption. 

Atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosus, eczema, exfoliative dermatitis, granuloma annulare, lichen planus, lichen simplex, polymorphous light eruption, pruritus, psoriasis, Rhus dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, xerosis ... 

It is indicated in bronchial asthma, migraine, urticaria, eczema, allergic rhinitis, pruritus, neurodermatitis, atopic dermatitis and other allergic disorders. 

One in 10 persons, 22 million people, in the United States have allergies. Ten million of these suffer from the nasal discomfort of "hay fever" and six million from die more serious asthma. Substantial numbers of people in the United States die of allergic reactions to insect stings (more than 30 per year) or to injections of penicillin (300 per year in 1970). Foods, drugs, pollens, mold spores, mites in house dust, and even heat or cold can evoke serious allergic reactions. Among these eczema (atopic dermatitis) is very common. A major cause of allergic reactions has been... 

Agner, T. Non-invasive measuring methods for the investigation of irritant patch test reactions a study of patients with hand eczema, atopic dermatitis and controls. Acta Derm. Venereol. 173 (Suppl.), 1-26 (1992). 

Eczema—inflammation of the skin, usually causing itching and sometimes accompanied by crusting, scaling, or blisters. A type of eczema often made worse by allergen exposure is termed atopic dermatitis. ... 

Atopy denotes a hereditary predisposition for IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Clinical pictures include allergic rhinoconjunctivitis ( hay fever ), bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis (neurodermatitis, atopic eczema) and urticaria. Evidently, differentiation ofT-helper (TH) lymphocytes toward the TH2 phenotype is the common denominator. Therapeutic interventions are aimed at different levels to influence pathophysiological events (A). 

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