Allergens exposure

Anaphylaxis most commonly starts with symptoms on the skin or the respiratory tract (table 2). The symptomatology is variable there is no obligatory involvement of all organ systems. A major characteristic of anaphylaxis is the rather rapid onset of symptoms after contact with the elicitor. The interval varies between a few seconds or minutes until 1 or 2 h, partly dependent upon the route of application (rapid onset after intravenous allergen exposure) and degree of sensitization. Experience in insect sting anaphylaxis in... 

Patients receiving these agents may notice improvement in 1 to 2 weeks, but maximal benefit may not be seen for 4 to 6 weeks. Cromolyn and nedocromil appear to be similar in efficacy to the leukotriene antagonists and theophylline for persistent asthma.18 Both agents are well tolerated with adverse effects limited to cough and wheezing. Bad taste and headache have also been reported with nedocromil. One dose of cromolyn or nedocromil prior to exercise or allergen exposure will provide effective prophylaxis for 1 to 2 hours. Cromolyn and nedocromil are not as effective as albuterol for prophylaxis of exercise-induced asthma. 

Cullinan, P. et al., Allergen exposure, atopy and smoking as determinants of allergy to rats in a cohort of laboratory employees, Eur. Respir. J., 13, 1139, 1999. 

Taube C, Wei X, Swasey CH, et al Mast cells, FceRI, and IL-13 are required for development of airway hyperresponsiveness after aerosolized allergen exposure in the absence of adjuvant. J Immunol 2004 172 6398-6406. 

Von Bubnoff D, Fimmers R, Bogdanow M,Matz H,KochS,BieberT Asymptomatic atopy is associated with increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxyge-nase activity and interleukin-10 production during seasonal allergen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 1056-1063. 

Tournoy KG Prolonged inhaled allergen exposure can induce persistent tolerance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007 36 573-584. 

Miyahara N, Yang ES, Taube C, Joetham A, Park JW, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW Importance of myeloid dendritic cells in persistent airway disease after repeated allergen exposure. Am J Respir Grit Care Med 2006 173 42-55. 

A number of potential risks are associated with plant-based pharmaceuticals these include allergen exposure to the public, pollen transfer to wild species, nontarget organism exposure due to persistence of genetically engineered material in the environment, interspecies gene flow, and contamination of nontransgenic crops intended for human consumption. The role of risk analysis with respect to the impact of plant-based biopharmaceuticals on human health and the environment are discussed in this chapter. 

H3 receptor activation in the airway system of the guinea pig caused a decrease in histamine release from mast cell and/or basophils and the H3 antagonist had the opposite effect. As far as histamine synthesis is concerned, the allergen-exposure induced histamine forming capacity could be increased by thioperamide, even though (R)a-methylhistamine was completely inactive. The explanation given for this peculiar phenomenon was that the histamine... 

Table 2. Determination of allergen exposure in the different studies... 

Our study confirms the clinical effectiveness of LNIT in reducing clinical symptoms and drug intake under natural allergen exposure. Specific LNIT appears to offer considerable advantages over other hyposensitization methods. As a matter of fact parenteral therapy is in many cases unsuccessful (incomplete and temporary) regarding recrudescence of symptoms, and, from an immunological point of view, produces a systemic immune response without interesting the local one of fundamental importance in upper airway reactivity. 

The ARIA paper [1] summarizes current knowledge on rhinitis and its link to asthma and features several main issues, presenting a new classification of rhinitis with reference to a similar classification as is currently used for asthma. Because of the long-term exposure to seasonal allergens in some countries and the seasonal variations also observed in mite allergen exposure [2], it was decided that the terms seasonal and perennial would not be very helpful for any decision in terms of treatment. Furthermore, seasonal and perennial... 

Although we do not fully understand the pathomechanisms behind this relationship, several possibilities have been proposed, such as the nasal-bronchial reflex, aspiration of nasal contents, the effect of mouth breathing and the release of mediators due to allergen exposure in the nose. Of these, the hypothesis of a signal released at the side of exposure to the bone marrow with consecutive mobilization of inflammatory progenitor cells is currently favored (fig. 2). Several studies have contributed to this hypothesis, which is primarily based on observations in dogs, but recently has also got more and more support in humans [8], Chakir et al. [9], for example, showed that the number of T cells... 

Herz U, Joachim R, Ahrens B, Scheffold A, Radbruch A, Renz H Allergic sensitization and allergen exposure during pregnancy favor the development of atopy in the neonate. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001 124 193-196. 

In vitro cytokine secretion in relation to allergen exposure... 

PI 1. Pullerits, T., Linden, A., Malmhall, C., and Lotvall, J., Effect of seasonal allergen exposure on mucosal IL-16 and CD4+ cells in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 56, 871-877 (2001). 

Maloney, J.M., Chapman, M.D., and Sicherer, S.H. 2006. Peanut allergen exposure through saliva Assessment and interventions to reduce exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 719-724. 

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