Atlantic oceans

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) a study to assess the contribution of continental air pollution to the North Atlantic Ocean. 

Marine Titanic struck iceberg, Atlantic Ocean April 15, 1912 1517 Regulation regarding number of lifeboats all passenger ships equipped for around tlie clock radio watch International Ice Patrol... 

G. P. Blanch, A. Glausch, V. Schurig, R. Serrano and M. J. Gonzalez, Quantification and determination of enantiomeric ratios of chkal PCB 95, PCB 132 and PCB 149 in shark liver samples (C. coelolepis) from the Atlantic ocean , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 19 392-396 (1996). 

Triaasic Atlantic Ocean begins Conifers, cycads. primitive mammals... 

Local conditions may modify this profoundly in special areas. In the Arctic and Antarctic, and where there is dilution by large rivers, the salinity may be considerably less, and it may vary greatly according to season. Salinity is well below normal in the Baltic, and may fall nearly to zero at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. In enclosed seas like the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Red Sea, on the other hand, where there is rapid evaporation, salinity may reach 40 parts per thousand. The total salt content of the inland Dead Sea is 260 g/kg compared to 37 g/kg for the Atlantic Ocean. 

Variability of Seawater Vertical sections through seawater showing the distribution of temperature, salinity, and oxygen for the Pacific Ocean and Western Atlantic Ocean are shown in Figures 21.3 and 21.4. The global variability of natural seawater and its effects on corrosion have been reviewed in particular with respect to seasonal variation of temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH in the Pacific surface water. Data is also given on... 

North latitude Atlantic ocean Indian ocean Pacific ocean South latitude Atlantic ocean Indian ocean Pacific ocean... 

Fig. 21.4 Vertical sections showing distribution of temperature, salinity, and oxygen in the Western Atlantic Ocean (After Wiist). (After Sverdrup, H. U., Oceanography for Meteorologists,...

In 1970 a huge deposit of methane hydrate was discovered at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, 330 km off the coast of North Carolina. 

Kramp, P. L. (1959). The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and Adjacent Waters, Dana-Report No. 46. Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen. 

FIGURE 13.2 Some reactions are very slow, as in the gradual buildup of corrosion on the prow of the Titanic on the cold floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 

The synthesis of 1 kg of dry plant biomass requires the evapotranspiration of about 300 L of water, although smaller amounts of water are needed by some plants such as desert cacti. Approximately one-third of the annual continental rainfall (100 cm/yr) is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Although it accounts for only about 10-15% of global evaporation, plant evapotranspiration can play a major role in local climates. For example, a molecule of water falling on the upper Amazon Basin is recycled on average five times during its eventual return to the Atlantic Ocean. 

Conventional T-S diagrams for specific locations in the individual oceans are shown in Fig. 10-4. The inflections in the curves reflect the inputs of water from different sources. The linear regions represent mixing intervals between these core sources. For example, in the Atlantic Ocean the curves reflect input from Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIW), Mediterranean Water (MW), and Warm Surface Water (WSW). 

Fig. 10-9 Map of winter outcrops of isopycnal surfaces in the Atlantic Ocean. (Modified with permission from W. S. Broecker and T.-H. Peng (1982). Tracers in the Sea," p. 394, Eldigio Press, Palisades, NY.)...

Bond G. C., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W. S. et al. (1992). Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period. Nature 360,245-249. 

Haug, G. H. and Tiedemann, R. (1998). Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. Nature, 393, 673-676. 

Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. (1995). Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 378,165-167. 

Evaporite deposition is a much more episodic process and thus difficult to quantify. Because seawater is significantly undersaturated with respect to common evaporitic minerals, like gypsum and halite, evaporites are only formed when restricted circulation develops in an ocean basin in which evaporation exceeds precipitation. A geologically recent example is the Mediterranean Sea of 5-6 Myr ago. At this time excess evaporation exceeded the supply of ocean water through shallow inlet(s) from the Atlantic Ocean. As salinity increased, first CaS04, then NaCl precipitated. Over time, salt deposits 2-3 km thick formed. This thickness represents about 40 desiccations of the entire... 

Among the 14 PCB congeners found at die highest concentration in eggs from die Mediterranean Sea and die Atlantic Ocean (Renzoni et al. 1986). These audiors also found numbers 156, 172, and 183. Numbers 172 and 183 were also reported in Borlakoglu et al. (1988). 

Type of Fish Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean... 

The sea snake is a marine-adapted serpent belonging to the family of Hydrophi-idae. There are many varieties of sea snakes with different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are well adapted for the marine environment and have a flat tail and a salt gland. Sea snakes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are not found in the Atlantic Ocean. 

The next several entries feature examples from the lichen literature. Study of chemical constituents of lichens has proved an invaluable source of information on relationships within this widespread group of organisms. The first example, Pseudevernia furfuracea (= Parmelia furfuracea) involves a disjunction across the Atlantic Ocean, bnt other examples in this set enjoy mnch wider—and often unusual—disjunctions. This example is inclnded here in order to keep the lichen material in one place. 

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