Atlantic Ocean annual

The synthesis of 1 kg of dry plant biomass requires the evapotranspiration of about 300 L of water, although smaller amounts of water are needed by some plants such as desert cacti. Approximately one-third of the annual continental rainfall (100 cm/yr) is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Although it accounts for only about 10-15% of global evaporation, plant evapotranspiration can play a major role in local climates. For example, a molecule of water falling on the upper Amazon Basin is recycled on average five times during its eventual return to the Atlantic Ocean. 

Our estimates of atmospheric deposition in preindustrial and modern times indicate that Hg inputs have increased by a factor of 3.4 in 130 years (3.7 to 12.5 xg/m2 per year). Alternatively, a factor of 3.7 is obtained by averaging the increase factor from each lake (Table II). The 3.7-fold increase translates to an average increase of about 2.2% per year, compared to an annual increase of 1.5% measured in air over the north Atlantic Ocean for the period 1977-1990 (26). 

In 1999 a band of maximum annual mean positive SAT anomalies stretched from the North American continent eastward across the Atlantic Ocean and the Eurasian continent toward the equatorial western sector of the Pacific Ocean. Minimum SAT anomalies were observed in a broad band of the central and northeastern region of the Pacific Ocean (including a decrease of SAT). Analysis of the observational data revealed the prevalence of positive temperature anomalies in many regions of the globe. The most vivid anomalous situations include both warming and cooling events (Scafetta et al., 2004). Here are some aspects of temperature variations in 1999 ... 

An analysis of the recent observation data [30,31] shows that baroclinic Rossby waves that are generated off the eastern coasts in the northern parts of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in a period of about a year represent their dominant non-stationary dynamical response to the annual cycle of the atmospheric forcing in the latitudinal range from 10-15° to 45-50°N. In so doing, their mean phase velocities (0.02-0.03 ms 1 at 40-45°N) are higher than the theoretical values (about 0.01 ms-1). A similar situation is observed in the Black Sea as well [27]. In [32], several reasons of this phenomenon were listed such as the interaction with more large-scale non-stationary processes, topographic and nonlinear effects, and insufficient duration and spatiotemporal resolution of the observation data. 

Palmer C. A., Finkelman R. B., and Luttrell G. H. (2002) Coal from a mid-Atlantic Ocean shipwreck the source of the coal in the Titanic and effects of exposure to seawater. Nineteenth Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, CD-ROM. 

Honjo S. and Manganini S. (1993) Annual biogenic particle fluxes to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 40, 587-607. 

Figure 1 Peak ozone concentrations in the eastern United States during a severe air pollution event (June 15, 1988) based on surface observations at 350 EPA monitoring sites. The shadings represent values of 30-60 ppb (lightest shading) to 180-210 ppb (darkest shading) with 30 ppb intervals in between. Values reported for Canada and the Atlantic Ocean are inaccurate, since no observations were available for these locations (first printed in Sillman, 1993) (reproduced by permission of Annual Reviews from Annual Reviews of Energy and the Environment, 1993,18, 31-56).

Nielsen (1951), working from the Danish research vessel Galathea on its voyage in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean from Lisbon to Capetown, estimated annual rates of production of 18 g. per square meter in the vicinity of the Canary Islands, 90 to 180 g. per square meter in parts of the tropical Atlantic, and around 1500 g. per square meter in the Benguela current. 

The genus Cicer L. occurs in the monogeneric tribe Cicereae in the sub-family Papilionoideae of the Leguminosae. It contains 43 species of annual and perennial herbs [1] with a geographic distribution from the Himalayas to the Ethiopian Highlands, and has centres of diversity across central Asia. An isolated species, C. canariense occurs on the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean [2]. The genus affords considerable research interest since one species, C. arietinum L., the cultivated species... 

The oceanic burden in December 2004 shows the contamination of the ocean after 50 years of PFOA emissions (Figure 3.14). Highest PFOA burden is located in the northern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and the Arctic ocean. Contaminations of the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific can be related to the vicinity to the oceanic source. PFOA in remote regions, however, such as in the Arctic must have been transported via atmosphere or ocean. MPI-MTCM does not simulate degradation of PFOA from volatile, highly mobile precursor substances, that contribute to the ocean burden in the Arctic by deposition. Then annual dry and wet deposition rates of PFOA in the model are small compared to the mass emitted directly to the ocean. This implies that the burden in the Arctic is results mainly from oceanic long-range transport. 

Annual variation of rainfall is linked to annual changes in large-scale upper-air circulation, and surface oceanic conditions have implicated the Atlantic, at least indirectly, as being responsible for interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon. For example, Marengo (1992) found more than average rainfall throughout the northern side of the... 

---