Distribution, generally

In statistical terms, a perceptual improvement is therefore obtained if the amplitude distribution in the filtered signal (image) is more concentrated around zero than in the raw data (contrast enhancement). A more concentrated amplitude distribution generally means smaller entropy. Thus, from an operator perception point of view, interesting results should be obtained if the raw data can be filtered to yield low entropy amplitude distributions. However, one should note that the entropy can be minimized by means of a (pathological) filter which always outputs zero or another constant value. Thus, appropriate restrictions must be imposed on the filter construction process. 

D. I. Gibbons and L. C. Vance, M Simulation Study of Estimators for the Parameters and Percentiles in the Two-Parameter Weibull Distribution, General Motors Research Publication No. GMR-3041, General Motors, Detroit, Mich., 1979. 

Fig. 1. Amine distribution general behavior. Converted alcohol to amine product as the ammonia to alcohol ratio increases.

The justification for the use of the lognormal is the modified Central Limit Theorem (Section 2.5.2.5). However, if the lognormal distribution is used for estimating the very low failure frequencies associated with the tails of the distribution, this approach is conservative because the low-frequency tails of the lognormal distribution generally extend farther from the median than the actual structural resistance or response data can extend. 

Spin relaxation in NMR is known to provide information about the dynamics of molecular entities and possibly about molecular geometry or electron distribution. Generally, dynamical information is obtained if the tensor of the relevant relaxation mechanism is known from independent determinations. Conversely, if parameters describing the dynamics of the considered molecule have been deduced beforehand, geometrical parameters may be derived. Only in particular situations, one can hope to access both types of parameters (dynamical and geometrical). For... 

Silica stationary phases display some ion exchange properties, which may also influence the separation characteristics of silica. One of the main disadvantages of the use of silica and silica-based stationary phases is their instability even at slightly alkaline pH, such as 8.0. HPLC stationary phases can be characterized with the average particle diameter and the distribution of particle size. Smaller average diameter and narrow particle size distribution generally enhances the efficacy of separation. The average particle diameter can be calculated with different methods ... 

Distribution. Generally the highest concentration of PCB residues in fish are in tissues of high lipid content. In Table V juvenile coho salmon were fed equal amounts of three chlorobi-phenyls for 117 days. Fish were then killed and lipid content and PCB concentration of various tissues determined (33). Tissues are arranged from top to bottom in order of increasing PCB concentration. For most tissues, but not all, as lipid content increases so does PCB concentration. Lipid content and PCB concentration are low in liver and white muscle, intermediate in spinal column and lateral line muscle, and high in adipose tissue. Lipid content cannot be the sole determinant of PCB concentration in fish tissues because a discrepancy exists between lipid content of brain, heart and spleen and PCB concentration. 

The calculation method for the mesopore size distribution generally follows that described by Barret, Joyner and Halenda [79, 85]. With the so-called BJH method, the pore sizes using a certain pore geometry are calculated along the isotherm. This involves an imaginary emptying of condensed adsorptive in the pores in a... 

The microbially mediated transformation of inorganic contaminants encompasses a broad spectrum of compounds. Here, we survey only a few contaminants that have a major impact on the subsurface, such as nitrates, phosphates, and toxic metals. In the subsurface, the microbial population distribution generally decreases with depth, and the moisture content and aerobic-anaerobic states fluctuate with time, affected by climatic conditions, depth of groundwater, and human intervention. 

Aldenberg and Jaworska (2000) demonstrate that frequentist statistics and the Bayesian approach with noninformative prior results in identical confidence intervals for the normal distribution. Generally speaking, this is more the exception than the rule. 

Volume of Distribution General Considerations and Applications to Experimental Pharmacokinetics and Drug Design... 

The enkephalins, derived from pro-enkephalin, are distributed much more widely in the CNS both in local circuit neurons and projection neurons, a distribution generally paralleling to that of the opiate receptors. Leu-enkephalin predominates over Met-enkephalin and both peptides are inhibitory. Enkephalin containing neurons are sparsely distributed in upper lay-... 

Adsorption studies leading to measurements of pore size and pore-size distributions generally make use of the Kelvin equation which relates the equilibrium vapor pressure of a curved surface, such as that of a liquid in a capillary or pore, to the equilibrium pressure of the same liquid on a plane surface. Equation (8.1) is a convenient form of the Kelvin equation ... 

When a drug reaches the circulation, it quickly distributes outside the capillary beds into well-perfused tissues but may distribute slowly or not at all to less-accessible tissues protected by barriers, such as the brain. The volume of distribution is the ratio of the amount of drug in the body divided by the drug concentration in plasma once a pseudo-equilibrium is estabhshed between blood and tissues. For small molecules, a low volume of distribution generally signifies extensive plasma protein binding that restricts distribution outside the capillary bed, while a large volume of distribu-... 

I have argued in the past that I thought there were salary inequities, but I was only given summaries of data that did not address the problem. Space is pretty clear—we have a small department and I can go measure it myself. Our chair recognizes that this (space distribution) generally has been public information. 

Earlier in this chapter we outhned several strict requirements for IJ pigment dispersions. First and foremost, these are colloidal stability and particle size distribution. Generally the particle size has to be reduced to 80-150 nm, which is often challenging. 

This development assumes that for a polydispersed polymer in a single solvent, all polymer components have the same specific volume and the same refractive index and that dn/dw is independent of the molecular weight distribution. Generally the chemical potentials determined from this technique are slightly higher than values determined by other methods. The difference, however, is believed to be within the experimental error. The method is applicable over a concentration range from 0 to 80 weight percent polymer. 

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