Freshwater input

Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. (1995). Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 378,165-167. 

Generally, the process liquid effluents released in the metallurgical industry are manageable both in quantity and quality. The process liquid effluent consists of water containing small amounts of dissolved solids, and extensive recycling of the effluent is carried out with a view not only to obtain zero effluent discharge but also to minimize freshwater input to the plant... 

Figure 8.13 Positive relationship between CDOM absorption and freshwater input in Narragansett Bay (USA). (Modified from Keith et al., 2002.)...

DON concentrations are also elevated in the Adantic coastal and shelf regions (Bode et al., 2001 Doval et al., 1997) where freshwater inputs are significant (Bates and Hansell, 1999 Lopez-Veneroni and Ciflxentes, 1994). This material may be transported off-shelf and photo-oxidized, releasing ammonium to the phytoplankton community (MoreU and Corredor, 2001). 

There is tremendous geographic variability in the spatial orientation and connections of salt marshes within estuaries and of estuaries with adjacent uplands and the ocean (Fig. 22.1). This paper focuses on the salt marsh ecosystem and associated tidal creeks and not the larger estuarine ecosystem, which may include deeper and extensive bays and sounds. However, it should be recognized that some marshes, especially those that do not have freshwater inputs from rivers, have no true open estuarine area and directly exchange with the ocean. Salt marshes are linked to adjacent terrestrial environments through water and material inputs from rivers, groundwater and precipitation. In cases where the majority of these inputs first pass though the open... 

Rosell-Mele A., Jansen E., and Weinelt M. (2002) Appraisal of a molecular approach to infer variations in surface ocean freshwater inputs into the North Atlantic during the last glacial. Global Planet. Change 34, 143-152. 

Figure 11.7 shows the climatologic surface salinity 1900-2005 ofthe Baltic Sea from the BALTIC atlas, provided in Chapter 20. The permanent entrainment of salt from lower layers into the surface water forms a stable NE-SW salinity gradient during the surface water renewal period of about 30 years (Meier and Kauker, 2003 Meier et al., 2006 Feistel et al., 2006a). The excess freshwater input of about 500km /year causes a comparable export of brackish water (Knudsen, 1900 Matthaus, 2006) with salinity of about 8 g/kg, as visible in the Arkona Basin, Fig. 11.7. Thus, the Baltic Sea exports about 4 Gt of salt per year, and imports the same amount on average (Feistel and Feistel, 2006). Divided by the sea surface area of almost 400 000 km, a rough estimate of the mean apparent vertical salt transport is...

Vertical marsh accretion rates were determined from Cs dating of soil prohles at 20 sites, ranging from 0.55 to 1.11 cm year h Marsh sites nearest to the river water input had signihcantly higher rates (p < 0.05) of vertical accretion compared to accretion at sites located at a greater distance from the freshwater input. 

The bulk density of the marsh soil prohles showed a signihcant increase (p < 0.05) in sediment in the surface (0-9 cm) at the sites nearest to the freshwater input. The bulk density in the surface (0-9 cm) averaged over 0.30 g cm at sites nearest to the diversion. The higher bulk density represented a sediment spike or bulk density increase in the surface prohle as compared to the lower bulk density observed with depth in the marsh prohle (DeLaune et al., 2003). 

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