Biomass, plants

Soil. The first reported field trial of the use of hyperaccumulating plants to remove metals from a soil contaminated by sludge appHcations has been reported (103). The results were positive, but the rates of metal uptake suggest a time scale of decades for complete cleanup. Trials with higher biomass plants, such as B.juncea, are underway at several chromium and lead contaminated sites (88), but data are not yet available. 

Biomass whether trees, plants, grasses, algae, or water plants, has a heating value of 15.1 X 10 J/dry t, and is converted in integrated biomass planting, harvesting, and conversion systems to SNG at an overall thermal efficiency of 50%. 

Current reviews on biosorption are related to general approaches90-93 to diverse types of biomass such as microbial biomass, plant wastes, and agro-based waste materials, or to a specific metal.4-94-98 However, a review on metal biosorption using macrophytes biomass is not available. In this chapter, a review on the current knowledge of biosorption using preferentially nonliving biomass from aquatic plants is presented. 

However, some plants can accumulate more than 0.1% of Pb, Co, Cr, and more than 1% of Mn, Ni and Zn in the shoots. These accumulator plants are called hyperaccumulators. To date, there are approximately 400 known metal hyperaccumulator plants in the world (Baker and Walker, 1989). Thlaspi caerulescens, Alyssum murale, A. lesbiacum, A. tenium are Zn and Cd hyperaccumulators. Brassica juncea, a high-biomass plant, can accumulate Pb, Cr(III), Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr, B and Se. Thlaspi caerulescens accumulates Ni. Hybrid poplar trees are reported to phytoremediate Cd and As contaminated soils. A Chinese brake fem, Pteris vittata, is an As hyperaccumulator (Ma et al., 2001). 

Abengoa (2006). Abengoa Biomass BCyL Biomass Plant - The First Commercial Demonstration of Abengoa Biomass Ethanol Technology in the World, www. abengoabioenergy.com. 

Refuelling stations Pipeline delivery Biomass plants NG plants Coal plants Onsite SMR... 

However, biomass plants appear earlier than coal and more biomass plants are built, because they are smaller and can become central supplies at smaller market penetration. It is important to note that the delivered cost of hydrogen from coal, biomass and natural gas central plants are typically quite close (within 0.5/kg). Thus, the choice of a feedstock may be determined by other factors, such as state policies favouring renewables and the availability of carbon-sequestration sites. 

Biomass Plant Design Development Research Services Software Development... 

Pinder, J.E., Ciravolo, T.G. Bowling, J.W. (1987) The interrelationships among plant biomass, plant surface area and the interception of particulate deposition by corn. Health Physics, 55, 51-8. 

If hydrogen is generated from large biomass plants far away from cities, what would be the infrastructure costs for delivering the hydrogen to consumers ... 

For those technologies that rely on C02 sequestration, the committee examined the amount of C02 that would be sequestered annually and the cumulative sequestration. The models assume that 90 percent of the C02 for a given plant can be separated and sequestered and that 10 percent of the C02 will escape into the atmosphere. Figures 6-16 and 6-17 respectively provide estimates of the annual and cumulative amounts of C02 that would be sequestered with current technologies, for central station natural gas and coal plants and midsize biomass plants. Figures 6-18 and 6-19 respectively provide annual and cumulative sequestration estimates for possible future technologies. 

As we search for the energy sources of the future, we need to consider economic, climatic, and supply factors. There are several potential energy sources the sun (solar), nuclear processes (fission and fusion), biomass (plants), and synthetic fuels. Direct use of the sun s radiant energy to heat our homes and run our factories and transportation systems seems a sensible longterm goal. But what do we do now Conservation of fossil fuels is one obvious step, but substitutes for fossil fuels must be found eventually. We will discuss some alternative sources of energy here. Nuclear power will be considered in Chapter 21. 

Biomass Plant part (tAia-year) (t/ha-yr) (t/t) (ITha) OVt) (t/ha-year) (t/t)... 

Hansen, U. et al. (1996). Heat and power from small scale biomass plants in rural regions. A typical application case study in Mecklenburg Vorpomraem. Proceedings of the 9 European Bioenergy Conference, pp. 1318-1323,... 

A major activity at Maasvlakte Power Plant is the co>combu tion of biomass pellets that are produced from sewage sludge, waste wood (untreated wood) and paper sludge of the biomass plant in the direct vicinity of the power plant site. The biomass pellets are transported by conveyor bells to the power plant and are blended with the raw coal in the raw coal bunkers. In the new Environmental Impact Study many other "fuels" were also considered. The fuels can be subdivided into three categories ... 

In Austria the market for biofuels is established. Wood pellets, wood chips from forestry and sawmill residues have quite stable prices depending on supply and demand. The Price for pyrolysis oil is assumed to be the production cost calculated according (6). The price and the transport cost of the fuels used for the applications in this paper are listed in Table 3. The transport costs are calculated with a fixed and a variable con onent. The calculation is based on transportation by truck from the site of production to the site of use (storage of the biomass plant). 

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