Atlantic Ocean water balance

A requirement of the heat balance for a steady-state ocean is that the input of new cold abyssal water (Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water) sinking in the high-latitude regions must be balanced by input of... 

The above data evidence that in the 20th century the eustatic rise in the Black Sea level markedly exceeded the eustatic rise of the level in the Atlantic Ocean (1.7 mm year-1 [23]) and in the Mediterranean Sea (1.1-1.3 mm year 1 [3]). In most publications, the rise in the Black Sea level is explained by some specific features of its water balance in this period an increased river water runoff into the sea (first of all, that of the Danube River), abundant precipitation over the Black Sea s water surface, and decreased evaporation. 

The present-day rise of the Black Sea level is most often explained by the variability of the components of water balance of this basin [7,8]. Among the other reasons for this phenomenon one should note the general level rise in the Atlantic Ocean [9]. 

Measurements of 0 and D in rain and river waters have indeed made it possible to confirm (Dall Olio et al., 1979 Salati et al., 1979) the importance of re-evaporated water for the water balance throughout the Basin, and in particular to establish a model indicating the relationship with the new oceanic water. There is a predominant zonal flow from east to west (Newell et al., 1972) and vapour influx from the Atlantic Ocean was estimated from the wind and humidity measurements by radiosonde at Belem. The central east to west region of the Basin between 0° and 5° of the latitude was considered to be subdivided into eight 3° segments between Belem (48° 30 ) and just west of Benjamin Constant (72° 30 ). 

In the large perspective, the North Atlantic Ocean is now saltier than the North Pacific as a result of the present distribution of ocean and atmosphere currents and continents over the surface of the Earth. Other distributions, as occurred in the past owing to different distributions of ice, deserts or continental topography, would produce very different water balances and global current systems. 

What are the conclusions, to be drawn from this kind of regionalization Figure 12.14b shows that approximately 80% of the total release occurs in the predominately oligotrophic open ocean. The balance for the South Atlantic (>1000m water depth) revealed a silicon recycling rate of... 

Three environmental features were considered problematic (1) the water balance between the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea, (2) the changes of traffic flows and the creating of economic growth due to the new effective traffic lines, and (3) the question of threats to nearby bird protection areas. 

Water exchange through the southern boundary of the Norwegian Sea is V3. The water temperature T k in Eijk (block MWT) is a function of evaporation, precipitation, river flows, and inflows of water from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Its change with time in Etjk is described by the equation of heat balance ... 

Scavenged type Trace metals such as Al, Co, Ce, and Bi, show surface enrichment and depletion in deep waters, in contrast to the opposite trend in nutrient types. These elements are highly particle-reactive and are rapidly removed from the water column by sinking particulate matter and/or by scavenging at the sediment-water interface. Their mean oceanic residence times are short (<10 -10 years). Interoceanic variations in their concentration can be large (e.g., Atlantic/Pacific concentration ratio 40 for Al) depending on kinetic balance between supply and removal for the specific basins. 

Observations from studies of surface sediments have allowed definition of regionally varying levels in the ocean at which pronounced changes in the presence or preservation of calcium carbonate result from the depth-dependent increase of dissolution on the seafloor. The first such level to be identified was simply the depth boundary in the ocean separating carbonate-rich sediments above from carbonate-free sediments below. This level is termed the calcite (or carbonate) compensation depth (CCD) and represents the depth at which the rate of carbonate dissolution on the seafloor exactly balances the rate of carbonate supply from the overlying surface waters. Because the supply and dissolution rates of carbonate differ from place to place in the ocean, the depth of the CCD is variable. In the Pacific, the CCD is typically found at depths between about 3500 and 4500 m. In the North Atlantic and parts of the South Atlantic, it is found... 

In fact, most cities today, and certainly most coastal cities, attempt to achieve a balance between the idealized security of insularity promoted by Plato and the pursuit of opportunity through porosity advocated by Aristotle. This tension can be seen particularly clearly in Peirce Lewis (1976) classic work on New Orleans. Lewis celebrates that city s situation at the juncture point between the Ohio-Missouri-Mississippi River system and the Atlantic maritime world (a locational advantage that Aristotle surely would have appreciated), while bemoaning it s unfortunate site below sea level and hemmed in by two bodies of water that leave it open to the ocean and cut off from its hinterland (the kind of vulnerability against which Plato warned). 

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