Salt gland

The sea snake is a marine-adapted serpent belonging to the family of Hydrophi-idae. There are many varieties of sea snakes with different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are well adapted for the marine environment and have a flat tail and a salt gland. Sea snakes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are not found in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Salt glands of plants from Atriplex genus contain inclusions in the form of crystals of siliceous or sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium (Fahn, 1979). Usually the crystal particles also include phenols (see Chapter 7). The crystals are seen as dark dense spots within the structures on OCM images of the optical slices from the gland (Fig. 4). Profiles of signal intensity along... 

Experiment 6. The LSCM image of salt gland impregnated with phenolic compounds... 

Fig. 8 The fluorescence image of Chenopodium album salt gland seen in laser-scanning confocal microscope. The excitation wavelength 488 nm, emission > 520 nm. A - single image of the gland slice B - stack of the slices (sum, resulting or composite image) of the gland.

Greater scaup, Aythya marila, contaminated areas Ontario muscle New Jersey liver vs. salt gland Canvasback, Aythya valisinerla, Louisiana winter 1987-88 liver... 

Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld. 1985. Comparisons of nine heavy metals in salt gland and liver of greater scaup (Aythya marila), black duck (Anas rubripes) and mallard (A. platyrhynchos). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81C 287-292. 

Herin, R.A., J.E. Sluggs, E.M. Loves, L.T. Heiderscheit, J.D. Farmer, and D. Prather. 1978. Correlation of salt gland function with levels of chlorpyrifos in the feed of mallard ducklings. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 9 157-164. 

Tamarix leaf Ca and others Ion selectivity in salt glands (48)... 

Storey R, Thomson WW. An x-ray microanalysis study of the salt glands and intracellular crystals of Tamarix. Ann Bot 1994 73 307-313. 

A mannose-containing cerebroside was found here (for the first time), and this extends the number of cerebrosides known today. An overwhelming majority of the cerebrosides in animals contain glucose or galactose70-266 the salt glands of the herring gull were, however, found to contain a xylosylceramide,267 and from a human adenocarcinoma, a fucosylceramide has been isolated.268... 

Like marine reptiles, marine birds have glands that remove excess salt from their bodies. Although the structure and purpose of the salt gland is the same in all marine birds, its location varies by species. In most marine birds, salt accumulates in a gland near the nostrils and then oozes out of the bird s body through the nasal openings. 

Schutz, H. 6c Gerstberger, R. (1990). Atrial natriuretic factor controls salt gland secretion in the pekin duck Anas ptatyrhyruhos) through interaction with high affinity receptors. Endrocrinology, 127, 1718-26. 

The enzymes responsible are found in the albatross salt gland (Hokin and Hokin, 1960), erythrocyte membranes (Holdn and Hokin, 1961), and brain microsomes (Hokin and Hokin, 1959b). Mcllwain (1963) has criticized the scheme on quantitative grounds, making the point among others that the observed rates for the enzymatic reactions involved in cerebral tissue are about 0.02% of tiie rates of cation transport. It is still not proved, in fact, whether the increased exchange of phosphate with phosphatidic acid in membranous systems in the presence of acetylcholine is a secondary result of an action of the drug on some other system. 

Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase has already been briefly discussed in relation to glycerophospholipid synthesis (Section 11.2.1). The enzyme was first discovered in plants (Kates, 1955) and, subsequently, identified in animal tissues. It has been purified from a large number of mammalian tissues including liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, adipose tissue, erythrocyte membranes and avian salt glands (cf. O Doherty, 1978). The intracellular distribution of mammalian phosphatidate phosphohydrolase is complicated. It has been found in several particulate fractions-mitochondrial, lysosomal and microsomal (cf. Sedgwick and Hubscher, 1967). Most workers... 

Tissue fractionation studies of the albatros salt gland have demonstratev that the phosphatidic acid concentration is 10 times greater in the microsomes than in other cell fractions. Electron microscopic examination demonstrates a dense network of smooth... 

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