Passenger ships

Marine transportation is done by ship or barge in permanent containers on board or by ISO containers. Propylene oxide can be shipped by air freight, but specific regulations for domestic and international transport must be foHowed. No shipment of propylene oxide can be made on passenger ships or airlines (3,233). 

Marine Titanic struck iceberg, Atlantic Ocean April 15, 1912 1517 Regulation regarding number of lifeboats all passenger ships equipped for around tlie clock radio watch International Ice Patrol... 

Hydrogen buses operate in Montreal and Bavaria, an H2-powered passenger ship sails in Italy, and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing featured hydrogen vehicles. Russia has flown a jet, fueled partly by hydrogen. In the United States, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), NASA, and the Air Force are jointly developing an Earth-orbit airplane fueled by... 

Because of their high volumetric density, intermetallic hydrides are also used as hydrogen storage materials in advanced fuel cell driven submarines, prototype passenger ships, forklifts and hydrogen automobiles as well as auxiliary power units for laptops. 

In Robertson s imaginative story, a passenger ship carrying jute in its hold catches fire and the fumes overwhelm and intoxicate the passengers. First, they become excited and talkative, but soon they thrown into a stupefying frenzy. The crew is likewise rendered senseless and unable to function. Most of those on board perish, but a few are rescued. 

Indeed, ocean passenger ships have proved to be so suitable for emergency work, w ith their vast and readily adaptable accommodation spaces and high speeds, often superior to contemporary warshi])s, that in wartime they have been converted to serve in many very different capacities - as troopships, auxiliary cruisers, hositital ships, commerce raiders, accommodation ships and aircraft carriers, as well as in a number of even more specialised roles. 

In recognition of the vulnerability to attack of the majority of passenger ships and other merchantmen called up for war service, some means of concealment was regarded as essential for their protection. Increasingly, they had their commercial livery obscured in order to render them, like warships, less conspicuous on the high seas, a measure that was relatively simple to implement. 

The Saint Marffaret of Scotland, converted from the Royal Mail passenger ship Balantia in 191(1. (Tom Ravner)... 

While Britain was engaged in establishing camouflage colour conventions tor her merchant fleet, Germany was preoccupied with getting as many of her dispersed passenger ships home as possible. Painted disguise was a frequently used method of deception in the various attempts to make it back to the Fatherland. 

The very first passenger ship ever to be converted into an aircraft carrier, the former Cunard liner Campania seen in dazzle colours during World W ar I. 

Lacking any particular status, the motley collection of war-woni and neglected passenger ships that participated in Operation Hannibal exhibited no distinct colour scheme, having been more or less sent to sea in whatever state they were found, hmgine failures and breakdowns were commonplace and few sur aved to see the war s end. 

AS H.AI) BEEN THE CASE following the end of World War 1, passenger ship auxiliaries continued with emergency duties long after the end of the war. Trooping and repatriation work continued for many well into 1947 others were tied up for war bride and immigrant voyages, all of wdiich resulted in an array of odd colour schemes as ships partially reverted to their commercial livery. 

This, in very simple terms, is the state of the art as far as modern camouflage technology is concerned. Whether any of these developments will ever be applied to future passenger ship auxiliaries is highly unlikely. While on the one hand their commissioning and conversion would stimulate great public interest, as it did at the time of the Falklands Campaign, it could only be in association with a state of hostility or conflict, a situation that would be both undesirable and unwelcome. 

Wartime Camouflage and Colour Schemes for Passenger Ships... 

Finally, for the complexities and details of many of these colour schemes to be fully appreciated, they are best seen on the generally larger, uncluttered areas of the hulls and superstructures of passenger ships. 

The Collins Line record-hreakin paddle steamer Baltic was amonj the mercantile passenger ships drafted into trooping service in the American Civil War, being conveniently available following her owner s financial collapse. 

British passenger ships found themselves being adapted to a number of auxiliary roles from the very outset. A sizeable group from the AMC register were provided with armaments and pressed into service as naval auxiliaries. The Navy formed the 10th Cruiser Squadron, otherwise known as Cruiser Force B, predominantly of such converted liners, many still manned by their brave civilian officers and crews as members of the Volunteer Reserve. 

The loth Cruiser Squadron w as used to maintain the blockade of the North Sea, its patrol area extending from the Norwegian coast far out into the Atlantic and covering all approaches to the European continent from a northerly direction. In all, throughout the period of its existence, no fewer than forty-one different passenger ships seiwed with the squadron for some length of time, each armed with guns up to Bin in calibre ... 

Ausonia, Alannia and Antonia, as tlie Wayland, were acquired for permanent retention by the Royal Navy as repair ships. A similar situation prevailed in the United States where the Panama Railroad Company s passenger ship Ancon was equipped for a unique auxiliary role, serving as an amphibious command and headquarters ship during the landings at Salerno, Normandy and Okinawa. 

Figure 7.50 a) Cavitation corrosion on the propeller of a high-speed passenger ship, h) Close np of the damages. (The material is nickel-aluminium hronze.) (Photos T.E. Hammervold and O Sastre.)... 

At first, all CW were delivered to the ports of Kiel and Emden where temporary storehouses were set up. Then all chemical ammunition was loaded into captured German warships, obsolete British warships, damaged passenger ships collected from all over northern Europe. 

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