Atlantic Ocean temperature

Variability of Seawater Vertical sections through seawater showing the distribution of temperature, salinity, and oxygen for the Pacific Ocean and Western Atlantic Ocean are shown in Figures 21.3 and 21.4. The global variability of natural seawater and its effects on corrosion have been reviewed in particular with respect to seasonal variation of temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH in the Pacific surface water. Data is also given on... 

Fig. 21.4 Vertical sections showing distribution of temperature, salinity, and oxygen in the Western Atlantic Ocean (After Wiist). (After Sverdrup, H. U., Oceanography for Meteorologists,...

Figure 4. Time series profiles of and temperature, potential density, Chi a, and nitrate (Slagle and Heimerdinger 1991) at 47°N, 20°W (Atlantic Ocean) in April-May 1989. Dashed vertical line represents estimated activity (Chen et al. 1986). The evolution of " Th/ U disequilibrium with time follows that of Chi a and nitrate, confirming the observations illustrated in Figure 3. The series of profiles taken approximately one week apart permits application of a nonsteady state model to the data. [Reprinted from Buesseler et al., Deep-Sea Research /, Vol. 39, pp. 1115-1137, 1992, with permission from Elsevier Science.]...

The RGB composite of the coefficients of determination of the individual linear correlation coefficients (Figure 2.26) shows that for the northern hemisphere high correlations of volatilisation rate and wind speed in the Atlantic Ocean can be found in the Gulf Stream and low values in the Labrador Sea and the adjacent Davis Strait. High correlations with the sea surface temperature are located near 45 °N close to the eastern coast of the American continent, in the Baltic Sea, North Sea and in... 

Longitudinal profiles in the Atlantic Ocean at about 25°W. (a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity, (o) potential density (0 dbar), (d) potential density (4000 dbar), and (e) dissolved oxygen ( j,mol/kg). Source-. After Talley, L. (1996). Atlantic Ocean Vertical Sections and datasets for selected lines. http /sam.ucsd.edu/vertical.sections/Atlantic.html. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California - San Diego. Data are from WOCE hydrographic program. (See companion website for color version.)... 

The O2 content of the surface waters is lower at mid-latitudes because of higher temperatures, which lead to lower gas solubility. As shown in Figure 10.1a, the ther-mocline is characterized by a concentration minimum that increases in intensity from the Atlantic to the North Pacific. Note that the O2 minimum is less pronounced in the vertical profile from 45°S as compared to 9°N in the Atlantic Ocean because of close proximity to the site of AABW formation. Mid-water phosphate and nitrate maxima... 

Abyssal clays are found in greater abundance on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean than on the eastern side. This is due to bottom topography that restricts the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water to the western side of the basin. The lower temperature of the western waters causes the CCD to be somewhat shaUower than on the east side of the basin as calcite solubility increases with decreasing... 

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of surface currents in the north Atlantic Ocean and stations where surface waters were collected. Areas I to V indicate regions with common temperature, salinity and nutrient characteristics.

North Atlantic Ocean. Surface samples in north Atlantic waters were collected at 20 stations in Tuly-August 1983. The area is influenced mainly by the Gulfstream, the North Atlantic Drift and the much colder East Greenland Current. The surface samples can be grouped into fives areas with common characteristics of temperature, salinity, phosphate and silicate concentrations, Fig. 4 (Kramer, 1986). 

Climate researchers Palutikof and Holt (2004) say that droughts appear to be linked to the formation of blocking zones of intense high pressure over the Atlantic Ocean that divert rain-bearing wind depressions away from the Mediterranean. This blocking may be related to the cycles of El Nino, the periodic reversal of winds and waves in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Due to the effects of toxic gases, it is assumed that year-round average temperature in southern Europe will reach 18°C by the year 2030 and rainfall will diminish by 19% to 20%. 

In 1999 a band of maximum annual mean positive SAT anomalies stretched from the North American continent eastward across the Atlantic Ocean and the Eurasian continent toward the equatorial western sector of the Pacific Ocean. Minimum SAT anomalies were observed in a broad band of the central and northeastern region of the Pacific Ocean (including a decrease of SAT). Analysis of the observational data revealed the prevalence of positive temperature anomalies in many regions of the globe. The most vivid anomalous situations include both warming and cooling events (Scafetta et al., 2004). Here are some aspects of temperature variations in 1999 ... 

Ocean, which is slightly higher than that of the Atlantic Ocean. The third driving force is the difference between the salinity and the temperature of the waters near the equator and near Greenland in the north. 

Figure 2.6 Air-sea flux densities of N2 (bold lines) calculated as F = (0.39ujq ) (SRCair-Cair) (Scn2/660) (Wanninkhof, 1992). SR stands for the N2 saturation ratio and Um stands for the wind speed in a height of 10m. Water temperature and salinity were set to 25° C and 35, respectively. C ir is the equilibrium concentration of atmospheric N2 and was calculated with the equation given by Hamme and Emerson (2004). The dashed lines represent maximum (3110 pmol N m day ) and minimum (161 pmol N m day ) mean N2 fixation rates for the North Atlantic Ocean (Capone et a/., 2005).

King D. B., Butler J. H., Montzka S. A., Yvon-Lewis S. A., and Elkins J. W. (2000) Implications of methyl bromide supersaturations in the temperature North Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19763-19769. 

Sachs J. and Lehman S. J. (2001) Glacial surface temperatures of the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Science 293, 2077-2079. 

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