Indian Ocean circulation

Cycles established as statistically real are the familiar annual and diurnal radiation/temperature cycles, a quasibiennial (about every 2 years) fluctuation in various climatic elements, and the interannual variability of June rainfall in northern India. The first merely means that winters are cooler than summers and nights are cooler than days. Examples of the second cycle include Midwestern rainfall, a lengthy temperature record from central England, and winds over the western Paciflc and eastern Indian Ocean. According to Campbell et al (19), the third cycle may be a response to the monthly solar-lunar tide and its influence on the monsoon circulation. 

Oceanic circulation. The process of ocean circulation described earlier yields an ocean circulation pattern that results in progressively older deep water as the water passes, in sequence from the Atlantic, Indian, to the Pacific Ocean. Surface water returns relatively quickly to the place of origin for the deep water. 

Marcantonio F, Turekian KK, Higgins S, Anderson RF, Stute M, Schlosser P (1999) The accretion rate of extraterrestrial He based on oceanic °Th flux and the relation to Os isotope variation over the past 200,000 years in an Indian Ocean core. Earth Planet Sci Lett 170 157-168 Marchal O, Francois R, Stocker TF, Joos F (2000) Ocean thermohaline circulation and sedimentary 23ipa/230Th ratio. Paleoceanography 15(6) 625-641... 

Albarede F, Goldstein SL, Dautel D (1997b) The Nd isotopic composition of Mn-nodules from the Southern and Indian Oceans, the global oceanic Nd budget, and their bearing on deep ocean circulation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 1277-1291... 

Distributions of DOC in the deep ocean. The x-axis is viewed in the context of the deep-ocean circulation, with formation in the North Atlantic, circulation around the Southern Ocean, and flow northward into the Indian and Pacific oceans. Source-. From Mansell, D. A. (2002) Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissoived Organic Matter, Academic Press, pp. 685-715. 

McCreary, J. P. Jr. (2006). The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean, and its impacts on biological activity. In International Workshop on Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research, (Abstracts) 3—6 October. National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India, pp. 9—10. 

Wiggert, J. D., Murtugudde, R. G., and Christian, J. R. (2006). Annual ecosystem variability in the tropical Indian Ocean Results of a coupled bio-physical ocean general circulation model. Deep-Sea Res. II 53, 644-676. 

Figure 1 Oceanic heat flow versus age of ocean crust. Data from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, averaged over 2 Ma intervals (circles) depart from the theoretical cooling curve (solid line) indicating convective cooling of young ocean crust by circulating seawater (after C. A. Stein and S. Stein, 1994).

Albare(c)de F., Goldstein S. L., and Dautel D. (1997) The neodymium isotopic composition of manganese nodules from the southern and Indian oceans, the global oceanic neodymium budget, and their bearing on deep ocean circulation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61(6), 1277-1291. 

PiotrowsM A. M., Lee D. C., Christensen J. N., Burton K. W., HalUday A. N., Hein J. R., and Gunther D. (2000) Changes in erosion and ocean circulation recorded in the Hf isotopic compositions of North Atlantic and Indian Ocean ferromanganese crusts. Earth Planet Sci. Lett 181(3), 315-325. 

On time scales of oceanic circulation (1000 y and less) the internal distribution of carbonate system parameters is modified primarily by biological processes. Gross sections of the distribution of Aj and DIG in the world s oceans (Fig. 4.4) and scatter plots of the data for these quantities as a function of depth in the different ocean basins (Fig. 4.5) indicate that the concentrations increase in deep waters (1-4 Ion) from the North Atlantic to the Antarctic and into the Indian and Pacific Oceans following the conveyer belt circulation (Fig. 1.12). Degradation of organic matter (OM) and dissolution of GaGOs cause these increases in the deep waters. The chemical character of the particulate material that degrades and dissolves determines the ratio of At to DIG. 

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