Exposure prevention

Liquids. Liquids usually are moved through pipelines (qv) by pumps. Special alloys, plastic pipe and liners, glass, and ceramics are widely employed in the chemical industry for transport of corrosive hquids. Care is required in making the connections, to prevent exposure of unprotected metal such as flanges and bolts to the corrosive material inside the piping. 

Use of dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide is recommended for cycloahphatic amine fire fighting. Water spray is recommended only to flush spills away to prevent exposures. In the aquatic environment, cyclohexylamine has a high (420 mg/L) toxicity threshold for bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) (68), and is considered biodegradable, that is, rnineralizable to CO2 and H2O, by acclimatized bacteria. 

Prevent exposure to shock, high temperature or pressure... 

Caution Parts A and B must be conducted in an efficient hood to prevent exposure to ammonia, iron pentacarbonyl, and carbon monoxide. 

The air inside a factory building can be polluted by release of contaminants from industrial processes to the air of the workroom. This is a major cause of occupational disease. Prevention and control of such contamination are part of the practice of industrial hygiene. To prevent exposure of workers to such contamination, industrial hygienists use industrial ventilation systems that remove the contaminated air from the workroom and discharge it, either with or without treatment to remove the contaminants, to the ambient air outside the factory building. 

When working with chemicals that have target organ effects it is critical to prevent exposure. This is especially true if you have a pre-existing condition, disease, or injury to that particular organ. Read the MSDS to fmd out the most effective personal protection equipment (PPE) for dealing with the chemical and be certain to minimize release of the chemical in the first place. 

Medical monitoring and surveillance programs enable occupational health professionals to identify adverse health effects caused by exposure to hazardous substances and conditions and to discuss plans with site workers, industrial hygienists, safety professionals, and line management to prevent exposures and protect workers. These goals can be accomplished through two objectives ... 

Local ventilation is used to diminish or, preferably, to prevent exposure to contaminants (including heat). This includes protection of persons, products, or animals from hazardous and/or nuisance contaminants. This task is not specific for local ventilation and different definitions exist. One is the following ... 

The ventilation in an abrasive blasting room has three main tunctions. The first is to transport the generated dust to the exhaust during the work in such a w ay that good visibility is achieved. The second is to eliminate, as fast as possible, the dust in the room after the work has ended. 7 he third is to prevent unrestricted dispersal and backwash on the blast operator and the machinery and to keep the dust inside the room, preventing exposure to personnel working outside the room. 

ASTDR s mission is to prevent exposure and adverse human health effects and diminished quality of life associated with exposure to hazardous substances from waste sites, unplanned releases, and other sources of pollution present in the environment. 

When clad metal is used, it is often specified as %-in. or A-in. minimum clad thickness. This is usually sufficient to allow proper weld connections. Care must be used in sealing all internal joints of clad material to prevent exposure of the base metal. 

Those lubricants marked M easily absorb moisture and great care must be taken to prevent exposure to air when adding new oil. The moisture in the air will be absorbed into the oil and will lead to contamination of both refrigerant and oil. With hermetic compressors this can lead to motor winding failure. 

Control may mean preventing exposure (refer to page 47) by ... 

Alternative 2 achieves protection by preventing exposure through capping and natural attenuation of the contaminated groundwater. Alternative 3 combines treatment to reduce the risk from the TCE-contaminated soil and groundwater and capping of the lead area. Alternatives 4 and 5 reduce risks posed by all portions of the site through treatment. 

Alternative 2 leaves all of the contaminated waste at the site and relies solely upon a cap and institutional controls to prevent exposure. Although the alternative water supply lowers the risk of ingesting contaminated groundwater from existing wells, the institutional controls would not be effective for more than 5 to 10 years in preventing the installation of new wells and the injection of contaminated groundwater. 

Currently, there is no information on performance testing of chemical protective clothing against carbamate nerve agents. Evaluation of fabrics used to prevent exposure to carbamate pesticides may provide guidance on selection of appropriate protective clothing. 

Most often consideration is given only to keeping odors from reaching other parts of the building. From a health and safety perspective, this is the last of many reasons for the use of a separate ventilation system. In some research applications the animals in use or the diseases under study are zoonotic (animal diseases transferable to humans). Under these conditions special precautions must be taken to prevent exposure to humans. For example, sheep carry a zoonotic disease called Q Fever which is... 

BLAST ATTENTION. Shields used to provide protection from accidental detonation, are to be designed to prevent exposure of operating personnel to peak, positive incident pressures above 2.3 psi or peak positive normal reflected pressure above 5.0 psi. 

Nerve agent intoxication requires rapid decontamination to prevent further absorption by the patient and to prevent exposure to others ventilation when necessary, as well as... 

Nerve agent intoxication requires rapid decontamination to prevent further absorption by the patient and to prevent exposure to others, ventilation when necessary, administration of antidotes, as well as supportive therapy. Skin decontamination is not necessary with exposure to vapor alone, but clothing should be removed to get rid of any trapped vapor. With nerve agents, there can be high airway resistance due to bronchoconstric-tion and secretions, and initial ventilation is often difficult. The restriction will decrease with atropine administration. Copious secretions which maybe thickened by atropine also impede ventilatory actions and will require frequent suctioning. For inhalation exposure to nerve agents, ventilation support is essential. 

First Responder, Operations Level Individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a defensive fashion without actually trying to stop the release. Their function is to control the release from a safe distance, keep it from spreading, and prevent exposures. 

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are generally considered to be non-threshold effects, unless a non-genotoxic mechanism can be established with a NOEL (or NOAEL or LOAEL). Risk assessment is based on establishing whether exposure is prevented. A similar process of preventing exposure also applies for skin and respiratory sensitisers, since there is no means of identifying a dose or concentration below which adverse effects will not occur in someone already sensitised to a particular substance. 

The reagents and solutions used must be kept anhydrous and necessary care should be taken throughout to prevent exposure to atmospheric moisture,... 

Innovation types can be differentiated as to whether the successful new innovation is of a technical or organisational nature or signifies a change of system. Direction of Innovation. Within the context of SubChem the question is also relevant as to whether the innovation (hazardous substance substitution, hazardous substance prevention, exposure prevention) has really reduced the risks entailed by the hazardous substance or has possibly only caused those risks to shift. With regard to the practicability of risk management, the question can also be raised as to whether a specific organisational and/or institutional innovation creates increased (also practicable) personal lesponsibihty of the commercial enterprises or whether and to what extent it is linked to a greater need for state control. 

Preventing exposure to hazardous industrial chemicals is a primary concern at industrial sites. Most sites contain a variety of chemical substances in gaseous, liquid, or solid form. These substances can enter the unprotected body by inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, or through a puncture wound (injection). A contaminant can cause damage at the point of contact or can act systemically, causing a toxic effect at a part of the body distant from the point of initial contact. 

Although allyl chloride is detectable below 3 ppm, the warning properties are insufficient to prevent exposure to concentrations that may be hazardous with chronic exposure. ... 

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