Formulation Composition

Oils to be used for the preparation of multiple emulsions must be pharmaceutically acceptable (no toxicity). The most convenient oils are vegetable oils such as soybean or safflower oil. Paraffinic oils with no toxic effect may be used. Also, some polar oils such as isopropyl myristate can be applied. 

The low HLB emulsifiers (for the primary W/O emulsion) are mostly the sorbi-tan esters (Spans), but these may be mixed with other polymeric emulsifiers such as silicone emulsifiers. The high HLB surfactant can be chosen from the Tween series, although the block copolymers PEO-PPO-PEO (Poloxamers or Pluronics) may give much better stability. 

To control the osmotic pressure of the internal and external phases, electrolytes such as NaCl or non-electrolytes such as sorbitol may be used. 

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Table 1. Water-Soluble Flame-Retardant Formulations, % Composition...

Since an understanding of the nature of water sorption by materials is of extreme interest to the formulator, an evaluation of the degree of hygroscopicity associated with a given material is crucial to the development process. A systematic approach for these types of studies has been outlined, in which the kinetics of water adsorption can be deduced [84]. This work should be performed at the preformulation stage, where the effect of water on the various components (and mixtures of these) needs to be addressed prior to any final decision as to the formulation composition [85]. It would be far better to discover any... 

Emulsilication through phase inversion is based on a change in the surfactant spontaneous curvature induced by temperature. This concept can be generalized considering any parameter influencing the spontaneous curvature of a surfactant, for example, salinity, pH, presence of a cosurfactant, and nature of the oil. The concept of inversion has often been reported in the literature by means of a formulation-composition map. In the following, we shall sum up this empirical approach which can be useful for formulators. 

Rgure 1.6. (a) Schematic formulation-composition map. SAD is the surfactant affinity difference it is positive for a lipophilic surfactant and negative for a hydrophilic one. The gray zones are abnormal, (b) Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism for a transitional inversion, (c) Schematic representation of the proposed mechanism for a catastrophic phase inversion. 

Pagano, N.J. and Tandon. G.P. (1990). Thermo-elastic model for multidirectional coated fiber composites Traction formulation. Composites Sci. Technol. 38, 247 269. 

Polymeric materials are used as binders to hold sohd particles together so as to formulate composite explosives or composite propellants. The polymeric materials also constitute part of the fuel ingredients when the crystalline particles are oxidizer-rich. Various types of hydrocarbon polymers are used as polymeric binders. 

More exotic effects call for more exotic materials, and considerable effort has gone into formulating compositions that are both spectacular in effect and safe to produce and handle. Thus a 30 mm fountain might contain mealed (or hue) gunpowder, potassium nitrate, sulfur, charcoal, antimony trisulhde, barium nitrate, hue aluminium and flitter aluminium with a dextrin binder. This composition is certainly a good deal more complicated than that used for sparklers but is relatively safe to produce and gives a good burst of white sparks. 

Data to identify the active constituent, its chemical and physical properties, formulation composition, batch analysis and stability, process chemistry, analytical methods, and quality control... 

TABLE 3. WATER-SOLUBLE FLAME-RETARDANT FORMULATIONS," % COMPOSITION... 

The burning of composite rocket proplnts is more complicated because they contain many ingredients. Several oxidizers and many fuel binders are used to formulate composite compos. The burning of this class of comparatively recent proplnts has not been as well explored as the older NC-NG-base proplnts. Both Geckler(Ref 21a) and Huggett(Ref 24,p 565) present a good review of the burning mechanism as it is understood today(see also Ref 25,pp 100-1)... 

Once the standardized formulation composition and preferred processing technology is well understood, plugging in the API and manufacturing the clinical dosage is a relatively low-risk proposition. The impact of API drug load on the standardized formulation is the only risk that one has... 

JP 05311144 (Japanese) 1993 Heat-resistant adhesive compositions containing polyimide-siloxane block copolymers Ube Industries, Japan H Inoe, S Takabayashi, T Funakoshi, K Sonoyana Useful for Cu-clad laminates of printed circuit boards and tape-automated bonding with good flexibility and heat resistance Formulated compositions containing siloxane-imide block copolymers made from aromatic tetracarboxylic acids and aromatic diamines and aminosiloxanes... 

The nature and properties of a chug substance dictate the design of formulation composition and the choice of manufacturing platform technology. The most commonly used manufacturing platforms for solid oral dosage form include ... 

TABLE 7.3 Typical Low-Dose Drug Formulation Composition for Direct Compression... 

Be aware that the DOE study is a tune-consuming and labor-intensive activity. The study may generate a significant amount of data. However, without a good understanding of the objective of the study and the factors-responses to be investigated, the DOE study may not provide any value to defining a formulation composition, but instead may waste development time and resources. 

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