Runoff water

Storm water runoff where process operations vent to roof... 

Discharges of storm water runoff from process areas... 

The general purpose of ultimate disposal of hazardous wastes is to prevent the contamination of susceptible environments. Surface water runoff, ground water leaching, atmospheric volatilization, and biological accumulation are processes that should be avoided during the active life of the hazardous waste. As a rule, the more persistent a hazardous waste is (i.e., the greater its resistance to breakdown), the greater the need to isolate it from the environment. If the substance cannot be neutralized by chemical treatment or incineration and still maintains its hazardous qualities, the only alternative is usually to immobilize and bury it in a secure chemical burial site. 

Relatively large volumes of water are used by the petroleum refining industry. Four types of wastewater are produced surface water runoff, cooling water, process water, and sanitary wastewater. Surface water runoff is intermittent and... 

Combined sewer A sewer designed to carry both sanitary wastewaters and storm or surface-water runoff. 

The discharge of surface water from a site may originate from three potential sources rainwater from building(s), surface-water runoff from paved/hard standing areas and subsoil drainage (groundwater)... 

The surface water runoff from paved/hard standing areas also depends on rainfall intensity calculated from the geographical locations of the site and storm-return period. However, the return period for a site will be far higher than for a building in order to ensure prevention of persistent flooding of the site. In many instances the local authority may specify the storm-return period as the design criterion. 

Wherever practical, surface-water runoff should be designed for gravity discharge, preferably located at the lowest part of the site. However, where a gravity system is impractical or impossible a pumped discharge must be considered. 

Weniger BG, Blaser MI, Gedrose J et al (1983) An outbreak of waterborne giardiasis associated with heavy water runoff due to warm weather and volcanic ashfall. Am J Public Health 73 862-872... 

MTBE has been detected nationwide in soil and groundwater. Federal and state studies have found that MTBE contamination has reached drinking water sources in many locations, including areas where the use of oxygenated fuel has not been mandated.9 This MTBE contamination has also been documented in surface water bodies resulting from direct spills, storm water runoff, and emissions from watercraft. Additional information on the extent of contamination by MTBE can be found in several references of federal and state studies.9-13... 

Within the frame of the EU-funded project GABARDINE (2005-2008 http // www.geoservice.gr/), the identification of alternative sources of water and the feasibility, both environmental and economic, of their utilisation were explored. Alternative water sources to be artificially recharged comprised surface water runoff, treated effluent and imported water. 

Routes of administration other than dietary ingestion should not be discounted. Livestock found dead near a cyanide disposal site had been drinking surface water runoff from the area that contained up to 365 mg HCN/L (USEPA 1980). The use of cyanide fumigant powder formulations may be... 

However, only the smallest part of soluble metals is involved in the biological cycle. Most of these are either lost to water runoff, or retained in the peat organic matter. The latter is the source of gradual remobilization but the whole mineralization may last up to 50 years or even more. The total accumulated retained amount of macro-or trace metals in organic matter of peat is tens and hundreds of time higher than the concentration of annually released soluble forms, which are available for plants. 

Bromomethane occurs in ocean waters at a concentration of about 1-2 ng/L (Lovelock 1975 Singh et al. 1983b), but is not a common contaminant in fresh waters in the United States. It was not detected in storm water runoff from 15 U.S. cities (Cole et al. 1984) or in influents to sewage treatment plants in four cities (Levins et al. 1979), and was detected in only 1.4% of over 900 surface water samples recorded in the STORET database (Staples et al. 1985). The median concentration in these positive samples was less than 10 pg/L. 

Findings from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program priority pollutant samples collected in 1982 showed that heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were detected at a concentration of 0.1 ppb for both compounds (Cole et al. 1984). Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were detected in 5% and 1%, respectively, of the 86 urban storm water runoff samples taken from 15 cities. 

Source Storm water runoff, waste motor oils, improper disposal of laboratory solvent containing bromobenzene (quoted, Verschueren, 1983)... 

One option for reducing the effects on the environment is the use of remote impounding of the water runoff and any hazardous material. Remote impounding accomplishes two objectives it removes hazardous material that could burn or, if burning, allows it to burn at a safe location. Secondly, water and other spilled material are contained so that the environment is not endangered. 

Fires result in impacts on the environment air pollution, firefighting water runoff, and hazardous and nonhazardous waste. 

Water runoff— the Emergency Response Plan must address where water runoff is to be directed and the potential materials that the runoff can carry. This information will be requested by local environmental agencies. 

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