Interdependent activities

Control of transcription initiation permits the synchronized regulation of multiple genes encoding products with interdependent activities. For example, when their DNA is heavily damaged, bacterial cells require a coordinated increase in the levels of the many DNA repair enzymes. And perhaps the most sophisticated form... 

Science, invention, and innovation are separate but highly interdependent activities. Science is the knowledge base upon which all understanding is built. Invention is the discovery of new and useful things and their applications. Innovation involves the application of technology to a specific need. With innovation, new and useful things become available commercially. 

Product and process development processes in multi-national companies are characterized by an enormous complexity actors in dozens of roles perform hundreds of interdependent activities, often located in geographically distributed teams. This case study, still in progress, deals with the product and process development processes for specialty chemicals at Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA, USA. The overall goal is to reduce cycle times, as time-to-market is essential for the economic success of innovative chemicals. 

In the new product development, many aspects of product performance, production, and regulations have to be defined. The most elaborate systems are used in pharmaceutical industry because of the very high cost of their research. It is estimated that entire process from research to implementation involves over 10,000 interdependent activities. These activities include five principles of optimal process development, such as ... 

Chames, A., Cooper, W., Mellon, B., 1952. Blending aviation gasolines—A study in programming interdependent activities in an integrated oil company. Econometrica 20(2), 135-159. 

The abietadiene synthase from grand fir (Abies grandis) catalyzes two cyclization reactions at separate but interdependent active sites. The enzyme first converts GGPP in a type-B cyclization at one active site to (+)-CPP, which then undergoes a type A cyclization and additional reactions at the second active site to form a mixture of abietadiene isomers [26, 32]. 

Gantt charts are limited in their ability to show the interdependencies of activities. In projects where the steps flow in a simple sequence of events, they can portray adequate information for project management. However, when several steps are under way at the same time and a high level of interdependency exists among the various steps, PERT diagrams are a better choice. 

However, in our opinion the interdependence of up to four aggregation constants in addition to uncertainties in the determination of the limiting conductivity and activity coefficients makes their determination with recent equations [110] increasingly unsure. 

Taking into account the interdependence between chemical potentials and component activity jij = p + RT In a, Eqs. (3.1) and (3.2) yield a well known ion exchange equation... 

Again, the myriad influences of human activity are usually viewed as separate effects (global warming, acid rain, ozone loss, urban pollution, etc.) However, these individual symptoms clearly have major interdependencies that must be understood if humans are to learn how to coexist with a stable Earth system. 

Comparison of the surface analysis and methanatlon activity of (Nl Th ) alloys (Figure 6) shows that there Is some Interdependence betweeK the surface concentration of Nl and activity high Nl surface concentration generally results In greater methanatlon activity. 

P.N. Craig, Comparison of the Hansch and Free-Wilson approaches to structure-activity correlation, In Biological Correlations — The Hansch Approach (R.F. Gould, Ed.). Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 114. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1972, pp. 115-129. P.N. Craig, Interdependence between physical parameters and selection of substituent groups for correlation studies. J. Med. Chem., 14 (1971) 680-684. 

RI and FS are interdependent processes and are generally performed concurrently rather than sequentially, although the FS uses the data provided by the RI. This approach should be viewed as a dynamic, flexible process that can and should be tailored to specific circumstances of individual sites. It is not a rigid step-by-step approach that must be conducted identically at every site. Figure 16.3 illustrates a generic timeline of the phasing of RI/PS activities. 

In addition, the authors suggest that all such systems must have a semi-permeable active boundary (membrane), an energy transduction apparatus and (at least) two types of functionally interdependent macromolecular components (catalysts and records). Thus, the phenomenon of life requires not only individual self-replication and self-sustaining systems, but it also requires of such individual systems the ability to develop a characteristic, evolutionary dynamic and a historical collectivist organisation. 

To simplify this presentation, datasets drawn only from neuromuscular screening activity were used. However, the evaluation and approaches should be valid for all similar screening datasets, regardless of source. The methods are not sensitive to the biases introduced by the degree of interdependence found in many screening batteries that use multiple measures (such as the neurobehavioral screen). 

We return to the complex formation equilibria described in Chapter 2 (Eqs. 2.1 -2.10). The equilibrium constants as given in these equations are essentially intrinsic constants valid for a (hypothetically) uncharged surface. In many cases we can use these constants as apparent constants (in a similar way as non-activity corrected constants are being used) to illustrate some of the principal features of the interdependent variables that affect adsorption. Although it is impossible to separate the chemical and electrical contribution to the total energy of interaction with a surface without making non-thermodynamic assumptions, it is useful to operationally break down the interaction energy into a chemical and a Coulombic part ... 

The serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin opened a huge field of research, leading to significant advances and successes in cancer chemotherapy [181]. Cisplatin and its analogues are reactive complexes that exhibit pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological behaviors so closely interdependent as to be all but impossible to untangle. Our focus here is and remains metabolism, but some considerations regarding activity and toxicity are also addressed. 

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