Innovation involvement

Methods of dkect reduction of chlorosilanes using hydrogen at high temperatures have historically been inefficient processes (68—70). Significant process innovations, involving the hydrogenation of siUcon tetrachloride over Si—Cu at less than 2.45 MPa (500 psi), proceed in good conversion (71,72) and allow commercial processes. 

A milder Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis was reported that alleviated the need for acid or heat <06TL799>. The innovation involved the hydrolysis of 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran giving 2,5-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran. The latter was converted into pyrroles by treatment with primary amines in an acetate buffer. The Clauson-Kaas pyrrole synthesis was studied utilizing a K-10 montmorillonite acid catalyst and microwave irradiation <06OPP495>. Mild reaction conditions (cat. p-TsOH) allowed for the preparation of pyrrole-3-carboxaldehydes from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran-3-carboxaldehydes <06S1494>. 

It may appear much cheaper to employ a culture than add an enzyme to the food process. However, not only economic but also quality control and food safety considerations are involved in decision making in the modern commercial process. Indeed, all three elements of the choice economy, reproducibility and process safety, presented to the manufacturer, have meant that innovations involving enzymes, which may seem fine on the drawing board, have been very tardily adopted by industry. 

Innovation involves coming up with an idea that is not obvious, or to resurrect an idea that has been considered and discarded before. To find an innovative idea,... 

An interesting innovation involves the use of isopropenyl acetate or acetic anhydride to accomplish irreversible acyl transfer63, as exemplified in the resolution of 1-phenylethanol (12) and the amino diol derivative 3- cr/ butyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxazolidinone (14) ( ) ... 

Recent years have seen advances in collection and analytical methods to determine contaminant concentrations in the air. One of these innovations involves the sampling of Organic Vapors without the use of mechanical air pumps in particular the monitoring of personal exposures. 

Patents have been granted for innovations involving the preparation and activities of broad-spectrum antimicrobial emulsions from 1977 (Sippos) to 2000 (Baker). All of these patents claim antibacterial activity, but all involve additives in the non-aqueous phase of the emulsion that are known to be antibacterial alone and before emulsification. Wide spectrum applications for these nanoemulsions have been claimed with positive results for bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The term nanoemulsion is used in US patents discussed below, but the generic term for the product of an emulsification (Gooch 2002, 1980) of a liquid within a liquid is an emulsion. United States patents 6,015,832 and 5,547,677 were examined and formulations in key claim statements were reproduced, and tested using standard methods for effectiveness. Additional patents listed in the reference section were reviewed as part of this study. 

Science, invention, and innovation are separate but highly interdependent activities. Science is the knowledge base upon which all understanding is built. Invention is the discovery of new and useful things and their applications. Innovation involves the application of technology to a specific need. With innovation, new and useful things become available commercially. 

When innovation involves replacement of old technology, management often entrusts development of the new technology to old-technology experts. At times this succeeds, but the effort often fails because these veterans have too much intellectual and emotional investment in the old way. It is usually best to assign development of new technology to competent but relevantly inexperienced scientists who will take a fresh, unencumbered approach to the problem. 

This architecture (Fig. 8.11) was dominant during the nineteen seventies and eighties, and was also exploited when LLE was implemented in flow injection analysis. Nowadays, it is still widely used, as emphasised in recent comprehensive reviews [153,161]. Further innovations involving the use of a supported liquid membrane between two aqueous phases [162] and /or taking advantage of the high versatility of the unsegmented flow systems have also been proposed. 

Depending on legal aspects bottle shapes can be design registered but not patented unless they involve specialised features such as new innovations involving closures. 

B.iii. Julia-Colonna Epoxidation. A new and useful innovation involving the hydroperoxide anion epoxidation of conjugated carbonyl compounds modified the procedure so the reaction is done in the... 

Another innovation involves the preparation of chiral ruthenium porphyrins of type 28, readily available from the reaction of pyrrole with enantiopure aldehydes (e.g., 26), as catalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. Using 2,6-dichloropyridine A-oxide as a terminal oxidant, good yields and enantioselectivities were observed <97JCS(P1)2265>. 

These techniques often involve statistical treatment of data in a largely retrospective manner which is further limited by the arbitrary choice of common substructures, pharmacophores, binding points, and molecular overlays. In classical QSAR the limitations can be quite severe in that regressions are confined to a series of closely related structures often differing in relatively minor ways. More recent innovations Involve molecular shape analysis (13) and distance geometry methods (14). These techniques represent significant steps toward a true three-dimensional SAR with some predictive... 

Another recent innovation involves native WP recovery pioneered by Tolkach and Kulozik [197]. They introduced a novel membrane-based approach of separating native WPs from CMP in ultrafiltered and diaflltered sweet whey... 

Division has been fortunate to have had a string of dedicated and talented editors for its newsletter, which is currently edited by Dustin James. A further innovation involved.the establishment of a Public Affairs committee, which recognized the need for presenting the face of the chemical enterprise to the outside world. 

Nonwovens also play a vital part in automotive filtration applications. Recent innovations involve the incorporation of nanofibre layers into the nonwoven components used for cabin air filtration. These nanofibre layers help to improve the filtration efficiency and performance for submicron particles. 

Yes, at least one lesson is clear, that innovation involves ri Some innovations are successful and their engineers are hero Some innovations are failures and their engineers are goats. failure in innovation should be no more opprobrious to the er... 

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