Applicable Wastes

Advantages Extraction is a necessary preprocessing step for most options to reuse or recover energetic materials. With the exception of devices to be refurbished and reused, the energetic material first must be removed from the device to allow additional processing. 

Explosives projectiles and the oxidizer and fuel in rocket motors are held by a binder, which usually is a crosslinked thermosetting polymer. The binder can complicate solvent extraction of explosives or the aqueous dissolution of water-soluble oxidizers. 

Operation For an energetic material to be recycled, it typically must be removed from its current container, e.g., projectile body or rocket motor casing. Conventional techniques involve some combination of disassembly and punching or cutting to gain access to the energetic material. 

Methods to dissolve the polymer binders used to hold energetic materials also are being developed. Polyurethane-based polymers are commonly used as binders for propellants and explosives. By undergoing hydrolysis at 230°C (445°F), the polyurethane groups in the binder split. The mixture is then treated by solvent extraction to recover both polyols and energetic materials from the binder. 

Some munition binders are heat sensitive and degrade upon heating. Polypropylene-glycol-urethane, for example, will degrade when heated to 160°C (320°F) and held for 10 hours. 

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Environmental Applications. Waste minimization can be viewed as a key to a healthy U.S. chemical industry. The two most... 

Method of waste application Waste-application rates... 

Should biomass be included as a green energy, given that it has direct air emissions and may not be renewable in its most common application— waste burning ... 

Flynn LR, Bass SW, Meierer RE. 1991. Headspace screening/capillary column GC/MS analysis for volatile organics validation studies and applications. Waste Testing and Quality Assurance 106-114. 

Application -Waste-heat boiler Heat-exchange area = 110 m2 Base cost = USS17 600 Design-type factor = 0.64 Design pressure factor =1.5 Materials factor = 1. 0... 

Adani, F, Genevini, P., Ricca, G.,Tambone, F, and Montoneri, E. (2007), Modification of soil humic matter after 4 years of compost application. Waste Manage. 27, 319-324. 

This Report is concerned with classification of hazardous waste for purposes of disposal. However, the principles and concepts embodied in the waste classification system could be applied in classifying hazardous materials for any other purpose. The classification system is intended to be applied to hazardous waste prior to disposal. It is not intended to be applied to screening or ranking of contaminated sites, including existing hazardous waste disposal sites, because these activities involve site-specific considerations that cannot be included in a generally applicable waste classification system. However, any wastes exhumed from contaminated sites that then require disposal would be included in the waste classification system. 

In most cases, evaluations of ecological impacts are site-specific and, as a consequence, are not considered when establishing a generally applicable waste classification system. These impacts normally are addressed in disposal site selection, design, and operation, and they may be used in establishing waste acceptance criteria for the site. To the extent that ecological impacts can be evaluated generi-cally, NCRP believes that the principles and framework for risk-based waste classification presented in this Report are sufficiently flexible to take them into account. 

Generally applicable waste classification system proposed by Kocher and Croff. In response to the definition of high-level waste in Clause (B) of NWPA (1982) discussed in Section 4.1.2.3.1, Kocher and Croff (1987 1988) developed a proposal for a quantitative, generally applicable, and risk-based radioactive waste classification system that addresses the definitions of high-level waste in... 

The unit cost of polyurethanes varies greatly from the lowest raw material cost of the PPG/TDI based systems to a heat-resistant, optically clear aliphatic grade. The actual lowest volume cost is the cost of a system that will fully meet the needs of a specified item. The use of a grade that is too good for the application wastes money. Conversely, a grade that is not suited also costs money. 

Nitrogen is a key element of many biogeochemical processes and can be both a nutrient limiting the productivity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and a pollutant, which excessive accumulation in biogeochemical food chains leads to many environmental problems. The main anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution are related to fertilizer application, waste production and emission of gaseous species. 

In large-scale applications, waste streams of BTFs may be safely reclaimed by distillation in an explosion-proof distillation unit or still. Most stills available today have reclaim efficiencies of 90 to 99%. Using a high efficiency, thin-film evaporation still, 95% or more of the BTF maybe recovered from the spent solvent sludge. To further increase the amount of reclaimed solvent and to reduce the volume of waste that must be disposed of, stills can be equipped to employ steam stripping. 

Description of Applicable Wastes Relatively stable high explosives such as high-melting explosive (HMX, or octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), 2,4,6-tetranitro-N-methylaniline (tetryl), or TNT can be reliably reclaimed and reused. Propellants such as nitrocellulose (NC), dinitrotoluene (DNT), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and nitroglycerine (NG) and oxidizers such as ammonium perchlorate (AP) are less stable and may require significant purification prior to reuse. 

Description of Applicable Wastes Energetic materials that contain a high proportion of ammonia or nitrate are potentially useful for fertilizer manufacture. Materials such as aluminum in rocket propellants or zinc, manganese, and phosphorus in pyrotechnic or smoke munitions can be recovered. 

EnvirOTimental trends are having an impact on electrical applications. Waste legislation includes WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment) directive 2002/%/EC which holds producers responsible for collection and recovery of materials at end of Ufe. Additionally, materials that contain bromine-based flame retardants must be removed from the waste and handled separately. In restrictions on use of hazardous substances (ROHS) directive 2002/95/EC, the use of various hazardous materials is restricted. These include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ether. Since the introduction of Blue Angel in Germany in 1978, several other eco-labels have been implemented. These include TCO (Sweden), Nordic Swan, Milieukeur (Netherlands), and the EU Ecolabel. The general purpose of these labels is to provide cmisumers with information relating to the environmental impact of the products they purchase. 

R. Murali, A. Anumary, M. Ashokkumar, P. Thanikaivelan, B. Chandrasekaran, Hybrid biodegradable films from collagenous wastes and natural polymers for biomedical applications, Waste and Biomass Valorization 2 (3) (2011) 323-335. 

Table 28.2 lists common reuse/recycle options and the applicable wastes. Each technique is briefly described in this section. 

Over the last few decades, intense research in the area of enzyme technology enabled it to facilitate its practical applications. Among them, the novel technological developments in the field of immobilized enzymes offer the possibility of a wider and more economical exploitation of enzymes for industrial applications, waste treatment, medicine, and in the development of devices like biosensor for bioprocess monitoring. ... 

WRAP, 2010. Sustainable Geosystems in Civil Engineering Applications. Waste and Resources Action Programme, Banbury, UK. Project MRF116. 

Applications Waste bins. Storage transport boxes/crates. Closures caps. Plant pots.Automotive (spare fuel cans). Domestic chemical containers. Fuel tanks. Bottles. Sheeting. Profiles. Pressureless pipes. Food packaging (fruit juice, milk, margarine). Film - carrier bags, bin liners. 

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