Biodegradable films

Biodegradable film (148), foam-molding compositions, eg, sponges (149), tobacco substitutes (150), and microencapsulated dmg-deHvery systems (151) are potentially new and usefiil appHcations for ceUulose acetate esters. 

Kayserilioglu, B. S., Bakir, U., Yilmaz, L. Akkas, N. (2003). Use of xylan, an agricultural by-product, in wheat gluten based biodegradable films mechanical, solubility and water vapor transfer rate properties. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 87, 3, (May 2003), pp. (239-246), ISSN 0960-8524... 

Biodegradable films made from edible biopolymers from renewable sources could become an important factor in reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. Proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides are the main biopolymers employed to make edible films and coatings. Which of these components are present in different proportions and determine the properties of the material, as a barrier to water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid transfer in food systems (Gomez-Guillen et al. 2002 and 2009). 

It is demonstrated here that extrusion is an effective tool for texturing whey proteins to create new functions for dairy proteins and that thermally denatured WPl is a unique ingredient that can be used in large amounts in nontraditional applications for non-TWPl. This review covers the use of extrusion texturized dairy ingredients in foods however, there are other examples of fhe successful use of this technique along with the product, TWPl in different types of nonfood applications, such as in biodegradable films, and bioplastics. 

Manera C, Margiotta S, Di Muro E, Gatta G (2002) Experimental tests on innovative and biodegradable films for solarization soil in a site of south Italy. Acta Hort (ISHS) 578 363-371 Mansoori B, Jaliani NKH (1996) Control of soilborne pathogens of watermelon by solar heating. 

Panattoni A, Luvisi A, Triolo E, Fifippi F, Magnani G (2004) Biodegradable film for solarization an alternative to plastic. Colture Protette 33 89-93... 

Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Schettini E, Vox G (2004) Effects of solar radiation on the radiometric properties of biodegradable films for agricultural applications. Biosys Eng 87 479 187. doi 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.01.008... 

Vox G, Schettini E, Scarascia-Mugnozza G (2005) Radiometric properties of biodegradable films for horticultural protected cultivation. Acta Hort (ISHS) 691 575-582 Wadi JA (1999) Effect of soil solarization on some soil microorganisms and tomato growth. Egypt J Hort 26 167-176... 

Table 7 shows that a compound with 45% PEA and Ecoflex can achieve about 70-75% of the mechanical properties of an average PE-HD carrier bag at 30 pm thickness. The values of a PE-LD carrier bag (see Table 6) are reached or exceeded. The 45% PEA compound yields a biodegradable film that comes closest to the properties of PE-HD films on the market. 

Hernandez-Munoz, P., Kanavouras, A., Perry, K.W.N. and Gavara, R. 2003. Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Films Made from Wheat Gluten Protein Fractions../. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 7647-7654. 

In 2004, Treofan GmbH developed a metallised version of its PLA biodegradable film that reduces permeability aromas, oxygen and water. The metallised Biophan PLA film is said to be suitable for packaging fatty foods such as butter and cheese, as well as for confectionery, where the mirror-like finish adds a decorative feature to the barrier properties. The metallised film meets both EU and US, Food Drug Administration food contact requirements. 

Another application for biodegradable plastics is for plastic films used in fresh food wrapping and plastic wrap used in the catering industry. The reason that a biodegradable film could be advantageous... 

Arvanitoyannis, I., Biliaderis, C.G., Ogawa, H., and Kawasaki, N. (1998). Biodegradable films made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE), rice starch and potato starch for food packaging applications Part 1. Carbohydrate Polymers. 36(2-3), 89-104. 

This work explored the potential of commercially available Boltom dendritic hydroxylated esters as high oxygen barrier biodegradable films and coatings. Improved mechanical performance was achieved via covalent linking of dendritic molecules with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. 

The milk proteins as edible and/or biodegradable films could be interesting because of fheir favorable functional properties as well as their food nutritional value. Sodium caseinate (SC) has the capability to carry nutraceuticals (Gontard et al., 1992 McHugh et al., 1993). 

Plackett D, Andersen TL, Pedersen WB, Nielsen L (2003) Biodegradable composites based on L-polylactide and jute fibres. Compos Sci Technol 63(9) 1287-1296 Sebastien F, Stephane G, Copinet A, Coma V (2006) Novel biodegradable films made from chitosan and poly(lactic acid) with antifungal properties against mycotoxinogen strains. Carbohydr Polym 65(2) 185-193... 

CEs are known to react with phenols to form iminocarbonates which eventually lead to polycyanurates with the liberation of more acidic phenol moiety. This can be a method to alter the gel point of the resin, Tg, and thermal stability of the network by co-curing diphenol with CE. Thus, copolymerization of dicyanate with diphenols resulted in polycyanurates with altered network structure and diminished crosslink density [237]. However, an earlier report claims poly(imi-nocarbonate) by reaction of these two in equimolar quantities. The thermoplastic so formed was reported to retain the mechanical properties like a polycarbonate. This approach can produce strong, non-toxic, biodegradable films and molded plastics that are degradable at temperatures above 140 °C [169,238]. Except for a few very early reports [239], the reaction of CE with anhydrides to form poly(iminocarbamates) has not been explored much. 

Starch phosphate was combined with rosin and alum to increase the dry strength and ink retention characteristics of paper.1677 Starch phosphates have also been used as soil conditioners to increase water retention.1678 Starch phosphates improved the dispersion and dye reception of synthetic fibers,1667 and are used to stabilize water,1543 finger paints,1679 and white coating colors.1680 Phosphonoamidated starches are useful in paper sizing.1681 Biodegradable films were produced by combining starch phosphate with poly (vinyl alcohol).1682 Phosphonoacetyl starch added to polyacrylonitrile improved it affinity for dyes.1683... 

Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives offer a wide range of applications including bioconversion for the production of value-added food products, preservation of foods from microbial spoilage, formation of biodegradable films, recovery of waste material from food processing discards, purification of water, and clarification and deacidification of fruit juices (Shahidi et al., 1999) (Table II). 

Maleated starch, PE or PP and biodegradable films with good Tomka, 1992 ... 

Cao, W. Wang, A. Jing, D. Gong, Y Zhao, N. and Zhang, X. Novel biodegradable films and scaffolds of chitosan blended with poly(3-hydroxybulyrate). J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Edn. 2005,16(11), 1379-1394. 

The availability of low-micron photo-biodegradable films has also led to revolutionary procedures for growing crops from seed in situ. In... 

Biodegradable film for pharmaceutical packaging. [Data from Klaus, w m,... 

Guilbert, S., Gontard, N. 2005. Agro-polymers for edible and biodegradable films Review of agricultural polymeric materials, physical and mechanical characteristics. In Innovations in Food Packaging, Han, J.H. (ed.). Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 263-276. 

Biodegradable plastics can be made by microorganisms, synthesized from natural products like starch or proteins, or composed of synthetic polymers. The current generation of biodegradable films may be up to 100% biodegradable, i.e., not containing any synthetic polymers. 

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