Civil engineering applications

It also requires two- sided aceess to the structural element in question. The degree of contrast between homogenius concrete and concrete with voids will not decrease linearly with increasing thickness, and the maximum practical thickness of concrete elements which can be studied for small voids using film radiography is of course limited, but sufficient for most civil engineering applications. 

Most mechanical and civil engineering applications involving elastomers use the elastomer in compression and/or shear. In compression, a parameter known as shape factor (S—the ratio of one loaded area to the total force-free area) is required as well as the material modulus to predict the stress versus strain properties. In most cases, elastomer components are bonded to metal-constraining plates, so that the shape factor S remains essentially constant during and after compression. For example, the compression modulus E. for a squat block will be... 

Civil engineering applications can be divided into two broad families ... 

Because of the large supply of sulfur, there is increased interest in its possible use in the construction industry (7-13). This chapter reviews research at The University of Calgary concerned with sulfur in civil engineering applications. Large volumes of materials are required for construction. The amount of sulfur which is available may be compared with the consumption of some of the principal construction materials (Table I). In Canada the annual production of sulfur is already a sizeable fraction of the yearly consumption of some of these materials. For example the annual sulfur production is about half that of raw steel and about three quarters that of portland cement. Elsewhere sulfur production is much smaller than that of presently used construction materials, but there are indications that sulfur production will be increasingly important. 

Civil Engineering Applications of Sulphur Based Materials, Adv. Chem. Ser. (1975) 140,154-166. 

Though the data given in Table 14.2 are for Ceramicrete matrix composites, similar properties in other CBPC matrix composites are possible with different extenders. Therefore, overall CBPC matrix composites are versatile materials and have the potential for varied applications as structural and nuclear materials, as well as civil engineering applications in general. In this chapter, we discuss some common CBPC matrix composites and their applications in the construction industry. Additional applications are presented in subsequent chapters. 

Besides borehole sealants for the oil industry, CBS may have other mining and civil engineering applications. These include reinforcement of mined out structures, water shut off, and underground and underwater construction, etc. 

Aliphatic amines are used principally in civil engineering applications such as in patch repair systems, adhesives, floorings, high solid coatings and grouts. 

Epoxy systems are widely used in building and civil engineering applications and occupy a dominant position compared with other polymers. The major characteristics of epoxy resin systems provide an excellent combination of properties, including ... 

Another development has been reported by P.A. Lucas, W.E. Stamer and S.G. Musselman of Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (Lucas et al., 1994). An acrylate functional urethane flexibiliser has been used to modify epoxy resin, which optimises reactivity and is more compatible with epoxy. Urethane-acrylate flexibiliser offers very tough hybrid epoxy systems meeting the more demanding requirements of civil engineering applications. 

RILEM s journal, Materials and Structures, is published by E FN Spon on behalf of RILEM. The journal was founded in 1968, and is a leading journal of record for current research in the properties and performance of building materials and structures, standardization of test methods, and the application of research results to the structural use of materials in building and civil engineering applications. 

Civil Engineering Applications of Sulfur-Based Materials... 

Epoxy resin cements have been used to seal leaking metal gas plpesil and for many civil engineering applications, such as steel wire-reinforced epoxy resin cements— and the reconstruction of the Abu-Simbul Temple in Egypt.— Epoxy resin cements whose physical properties are similar to those of concrete— are discussed more completely in Chapters 3, 4 and 5. 

Taha R, Donald S (1992) The use of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in civil engineering applications. Proc Conf Utilization of Waste Materials in Civil Engineering Construction, ASCE, New York, p 635... 

Yang S (1999) Use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications. PhD thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, lA... 

Fibrous and composite materials for civil engineering applications... 

Epoxy resins are generally not used alone but require a reaction partner in order to be cured (hardened). A large number of reaction partners may be used for curing at elevated or at room temperature. The cured films have high adhesion, flexibility, hardness, abrasion resistance, resistance to chemicals, and corrosion protection. In 1995 ca. 700000 t of epoxy resins were used worldwide by the coating industry (including civil engineering applications). 

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