Smoke munitions

This is a subroutine that calculates an evaporation rate from a pool of spilled liquid in presence of wind (ORG-40), or in still air (TP-10). It was developed by the U.S. Array for downwind hazard prediction following release from smoke munitions and chemical agents. The code calculates the evaporation rate of a liquid pool, given the physical stale variables, wind speed, and diameter of pool. ORG-40 and TP-10 models are coded as a Fortran 77 subroutine, EVAP4.FOR, in D2PC. The user s manual is Whiiacre (1987). 

Nuclear and non-nuclear munitions (to include mines, grenades, demolition devices, explosives, explosive devices and initiators) except chemical and smoke munitions assigned to Edgewood Arsenal... 

Garcia, David J. Aikman, Loy M. McIntyre, F.L. and Shook, Thomas E. Ramd Plant Scaie Mixing Granulation and Loading of Drv Materials Purina the Manufacture of Colored Smoke Munitions Pine Bluff Arsenal, Pine Bluff,... 

M. D. Smith and F. M. Stewart, "Environmentally Acceptable Smoke Munitions," Proceedings, Eighth International Pyrotechnics Seminar, IIT Research Institute, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, July, 1982, p. 623. 

Why does Mg nowadays get replaced with Zr in smoke munition ... 

Indicates a screening and signaling smoke munition manufactured prior to 1960. Markings include the military agent symbol and the general descriptive word "SMOKE."... 

Indicate a Dual-Purpose (Incendiary/Smoke) munition with a white phosphorous or plasticized white phosphorous filling. Markings include the agent name or military agent symbol. No general descriptive wording is indicated on the munition. 

Description of Applicable Wastes Energetic materials that contain a high proportion of ammonia or nitrate are potentially useful for fertilizer manufacture. Materials such as aluminum in rocket propellants or zinc, manganese, and phosphorus in pyrotechnic or smoke munitions can be recovered. 

With the exception of the hand grenade, type AN-M8, which contains 19 oz of HC mixture (2 min B.T.) and is thrown, HC-smoke munitions belong to the largest of the strictly pyrotechnic munitions. The Ml Smoke Pot (ffC) contains lO lb, the M5 Smoke Pot HC) 301b of composition in addition, they can be stacked for multiplication of the 5—20 min of smoke emission. First fires for the HC-smokes will be discussed in Chapter 23. 

The detachment from the ist Platoon, which landed on the right flank of Red Beach, was led by Capt. Sam Kesner, assistant chemical officer of the 3d Division. For some reason the landing craft dropped its amphibious tanks some 1,000 yards from shore. Consequently, Kesner s party, which remained in the LCT, had to unload its pots the hard way. Some were thrown into two 6-man rubber boats and towed to the beach. The rest of the smoke munitions were tossed overboard and floated ashore in their crates, an expedient made necessary by the pressure of enemy small arms fire. The situation was made more difficult because the LCT had landed 400 yards to the right of its assigned area in order to avoid mines. The smoke plan called for four positions on the beach, a number soon increased to twelve because of the adverse winds. The smoke detail soon pushed inland about loo yards, suffering four casualties in the early hours. 

Naval operations in Pacific waters, particularly in the last two years of the war, were accompanied by an extensive use of smoke. Although the Navy had its own arsenal of smoke munitions, including HC pots and the Besler mechanical generator, its use of CWS equipment was not uncommon. CWS personnel also contributed to the fulfillment of the Navy s smoke mission. 

Improvised Black Smoke Munition Section 6 — Fuses. Detonators Delay Mechanisms... 

Iron oxide can be made from steel wool. It is used in the preparation of Improvised Yellow Flare (section 5.8), Improvised White Smoke Munition (section 5.9) and Improvised Black Smoke Munition (section 5.10). 

A white smoke munition can be made from sulfur, potassium nitrate, black powder, aluminum powder, iron oxide and carbon tetrachloride. It can be used either for signaling or screening. 

To link the chemical warfare organizations of Canada and the United States, a joint U.S.-Canadian Advisory Committee was established. Membership of the committee was subsequently broadened to include Great Britain. This three-power committee eliminated much duplication of effort, established uniform test procedures, and accelerated co-operative work on such items as toxic gases, flame throwers, and smoke munitions. 

Leo Finkelstein, "The Chemistry of HC Smoke Munitions, Armed Forces Chemical Journal, IV (October 1950), 16-18. (2) E. T. Lawrence, Development of HC Smoke Mixture. EACD 227, 3 Mar 23. (3) G. H. McIntyre, "Ferro s War Story, Armed Forces Chemical Journal, II (October 1947), 12-15. (4) Capt J. H. Hayes and Lt L. C. Andrews, Smoke Munitions for Airborne Operations. TDMR 823, H Apr 44. 

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