Lipid apple

Ackman, R.G. and Cunnane, S.C. (1992) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids sources, biochemistry, and nutritional/clinical applications. Adv. Appl. Lipid Res., 1, 161-215. 

Davies, R.J. and Holdsworth, J.E. (1992) Synthesis of lipids in yeasts biochemistry, physiology, production. Adv. Appl. Lipid Res. 1, 119-159. 

Volatile flavor compounds may be formed from lipids via several different pathways. The primary pathways include a- and P-oxidation, and oxidation via lipoxygenase enzymes [8,9]. Some of the earliest work in this area was on the development of banana aroma by Tressl and Drawert [10]. Recent work showing pathways for the formation of several key volatiles derived from apple lipids are illustrated in Figure 4.2. They demonstrated the conversion of labeled acetate to acetate esters and labeled butanoate to butanoate esters by postchmacteric banana slices. They have further shown the conversion of hexanoic acid to hexanol by these tissues. 

Zhang Y, RM Miller (1992) Enhanced octadecane dispersion and biodegradation hy a Pseudomonas rhamno-lipid surfactant (biosurfactant). Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3276-3282. 

Bogan L, RT Lamar, KE Hammel (1996) Fluorene oxidation in vivo by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and in vitro during manganese peroxidase-dependent lipid peroxidation. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1788-1792. 

Moen MA, KE Hammel (1994) Lipid peroxidation by the manganese peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is the basis for phenanthrene oxidation by the intact fungus. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 1956-1961. 

Younes, M. and Wess, A. (1990). The role of iron in t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and hepatotoxicity in rats. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 313-317. 

Dillard, C.J., Litov, R.E., Savin, W.M. and Tappel, A.L. (1978). Effects of exercise, vitamin E and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J. Appl. Physiol. 45, 927-932. 

ElSisi, A.E.D., Earnest, D.L. and Sipes, LG. (1993a). Vitamin-A potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity -enhanced lipid peroxidation without enhanced biotransformation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 119, 289-294. 

Dworzanski, J. R Berwald, L. McClennen, W. H. Meuzelaar, H. L. C. Mechanistic aspects of the pyrolytic methylation and transesterification of bacterial cell wall lipids. /. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1991,21,221-232. 

Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are water-soluble substances and thereby penetrate the outermost epidermal skin layers. In contrast, beta hydroxy acids (BHAs) are lipid (fat) soluble and are capable of penetrating to the underlying layers of skin (the dermis) located 1-5 mm below the surface of the skinJ2 Most AHAs are derived from plant materials and marine sources. Commonly used AHAs include malic acid (found in apples), ascorbic acid (a common ingredient in numerous fruits), glycolic acid (a constituent of sugar cane), lactic acid (a component of milk), citric acid (naturally abundant in citrus fruits), and tartatic acid (found in red wine). A common BHA is salicylic acid (an ingredient in aspirin). 

J.M. Challinor, A rapid simple pyrolysis derivatisation gas chromatography mass spectrometry method for profiling of fatty acids in trace quantities of lipids, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 37,185 197 (1996). 

Inui O, Teramura Y, Iwata H (2010) Retention dynamics of amphiphilic polymers PEG-lipids and PVA-Alkyl on the cell surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2 1514—1520... 

In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very strong antioxidant activity, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol (Boyer... 

Ju Z and WJ Bramlage. 1999. Phenolics and lipid-soluble antioxidants in fruit cuticle of apples and their antioxidant activities in model systems. Postharv Biol Technol 16 107—118. 

This method is also used to measure ex vivo low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. LDL is isolated fresh from blood samples, oxidation is initiated by Cu(II) or AAPH, and peroxidation of the lipid components is followed at 234 nm for conjugated dienes (Prior and others 2005). In this specific case the procedure can be used to assess the interaction of certain antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin E, carotenoids, and retinyl stearate, exerting a protective effect on LDL (Esterbauer and others 1989). Hence, Viana and others (1996) studied the in vitro antioxidative effects of an extract rich in flavonoids. Similarly, Pearson and others (1999) assessed the ability of compounds in apple juices and extracts from fresh apple to protect LDL. Wang and Goodman (1999) examined the antioxidant properties of 26 common dietary phenolic agents in an ex vivo LDL oxidation model. Salleh and others (2002) screened 12 edible plant extracts rich in polyphenols for their potential to inhibit oxidation of LDL in vitro. Gongalves and others (2004) observed that phenolic extracts from cherry inhibited LDL oxidation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Yildirin and others (2007) demonstrated that grapes inhibited oxidation of human LDL at a level comparable to wine. Coinu and others (2007) studied the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from artichoke leaves and outer bracts measured on human oxidized LDL. Milde and others (2007) showed that many phenolics, as well as carotenoids, enhance resistance to LDL oxidation. 

Leontowicz M, Gorinstein S, Bartnikowska E, Leontowicz H, Kulasek G and Trakhtenberg S. 2001. Sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fibers improve lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol. Food Chem... 

Uno, S., et. al., Cyplal(-/-) male mice Protection against high dose TCDD-induced lethality and wasting syndrome, and resistance to intrahepatocyte lipid accumulation and urophorhyria, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 196, 410, 2004. 

Langner, M., Gabrielska, J., Kleszcynska, H. and Pruchnik, H. (1998). Effect of phenyltin compounds on lipid bilayer organization, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 12, 99-107. 

Ambrosini, A., Bertoli, E. and Zolese, G. (1996). Effect of organotin compounds on membrane lipids fluorescence spectroscopy studies, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 10, 53-59. 

Gillies PJ, Norton RM, Baker TS, et al. 1981. Altered lipid metabolism in 2,5-hexanedione-induced testicular atrophy and peripheral neuropathy in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59 293-299. 

De Groot H, Noll T. 1989. Halomethane hepatotoxicity Induction of lipid peroxidation and inactivation of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver mierosomes under low oxygen partial pressures. Toxieol Appl Pharmaeol 97 530-537. 

Gillies PJ, Lee KP Effects of hexafluoroacetone on testicular morphology and lipid metabolism in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 68 188-197, 1983... 

Ramstock ER et al Trialkyl lead metabolism and lipid peroxidation in vivo in vitamin E-and selenium deficient rats as measured by ethane production. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 54 251-257, 1980... 

The ultimate levels of esters in fresh and stored apples are determined by the amount of precursors for ester formation, e.g. lipids, which are influenced by cultivar, growing conditions, harvest maturity and storage conditions [47]. In Fuji apples, acetate ester concentrations increase during maturation, 2-methyl-butyl acetate being the major ester component in the volatile compound profile... 

Ivanov, V, Rahier, J. Lauwerys, R. (1989) Lipid peroxidation in acrylonitrile-treated rats, evidenced by elevated ethane production. J. appl. Toxicol., 9, 353-358... 

Diaz Gomez, M.I. Castro, J.A. (1980) Covalent binding of carbon tetrachloride metabolites to liver nuclear DNA. proteins, and lipids. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 56, 199-206... 

Phenolic compounds may be involved in plant responses to cold stress and in plant acclimation to low temperature. Acclimation of apple trees to cold climates was found to be associated with a seasonal accumulation of chlorogenic acid [102]. Strengthened frost tolerance in a variety of plants were attributed to thicker cell-wall lignification or suberization [102]. Thickening of cell walls and increased production of suberin-type lipids were observed in cold-acclimated winter rye leaves [103]. The presence of suberin in cell walls may favour membrane cell-wall adhesion, a major factor in the resistance of plant cells to freezing [104]. 

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