Cold stress

R. B. McLean, P. T. Singley, J. S. Griffith, and M. V. McGee, Threadfm Shad Impingement Effect of Cold Stress, NUREG/CR-1044,... 

Congress passed the Occupational and Safety Health Act to ensure worker and workplace safety. Their goal was to make sure employers provide their workers a place of employment free from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. In order to establish standards for workplace health and safety, the Act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the research institution for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor which oversees the administration of the Act and enforces Federal standards in all 50 states. 

Existing methods for evaluation of the general thermal state of the body, both in comfort and under heat or cold stress, are based on an analysis of the heat balance for the human body ... 

Cold stress Physiological stress on the body created by excessive loss of body heat. 

Taylor, K. M. Snyder, S. H. (1971). Brain histamine rapid apparent turnover altered by restraint and cold stress. Science 172, 1037-9. 

Mortality 71% at 6°C in 7 days nil at 21 °C in 9 days — but some with seizures and kidney histopathology. No spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules. Lead residues elevated in bone, liver, and brain in both groups, but more elevated in cold-stressed group... 

Testicular damage in adults held at 6°C or 21 °C mortality higher in cold-stressed group... 

Mink 1.0 mg/kg diet daily for 4 months then every other day for 4 months alternating with control diet High mortality after 4 months when subjected to cold stress significant placental transfer to the fetus 9... 

Maguire, C.C. and B.A. Williams. 1987. Cold stress and acute organophosphorus exposure interaction effects on juvenile northern bobwhite. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16 477-481. 

Disrupted calcium metabolism (29). Increased sensitivity to cold stress, elevated tissue residues of 50-60 mg Mo/kg DW (23, 24)... 

The effect of plant root exudation and exudation patterns on root colonization and expression of toxin production must be considered. For example, it may be important to determine the effect of root exudates from cold-stressed plants on these organisms, since the exudates apparently first appear just after the plants break winter dormancy (34). These data should provide information on root colonization potential, possible stimulation or reduction of toxin production, and mechanisms of plant resistance to the organisms. 

Chan, Y. C., Boor, K. J., and Wiedmann, M. (2007). B-dependent and -independent mechanisms contribute to transcription of Listeria monocytogenes cold stress genes during cold shock and cold growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 6484-6498. 

Nissenbaum, L.K., and Abercrombie, E.D. (1993) Presynaptic alterations with enhancement of evoked release and synthesis and release of norepinephrine in hippocampus of chronically cold-stressed rats. Brain Res 608 280-287. 

Kirakosyan, A. et al.. Antioxidant capacity of polyphenolic extracts from leaves of Crataegus laevigata and Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) subjected to drought and cold stress, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 3973, 2003. 

An inhibitory effect of 8-OH-DPAT on forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity is observed in hippocampal membranes of the guinea pig and rat, and has been used as an index of the functional activities of 5-HTIA receptors [178]. Cold stress induces a reduction of the inhibitory effect of 8-OH-DPAT in the hippocampus isolated from 18-month-old rats, although it has no influence on either the affinity or number of [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding sites. The administration of EGb (50 mg/kg p.o. for 14 days) prevents the cold stress-induced reduction in the inhibitory effect of 8-OH-DPAT on forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in old rats. These results indicate that EGb prevents the stress-induced desensitization of hippocampal 5-HTu receptors thus, its effects might explain anti-stress and antidepressant properties of EGb [177]. 

Adverse environmental conditions or stimuli, which create stress in an animal, may influence drug metabolism and disposition. Cold stress, for instance, increases aromatic hydroxylation, as does stress due to excessive noise. It should be noted that the microsomal monooxygenases show a diurnal rhythm in both rats and mice, with the greatest activity at the beginning of the dark phase. 

In order to block the effects of spinally released CGRP, an antiserum against CGRP was tested in several models of chronic pain and was found to be antinociceptive in models of chronic inflammatory pain such as adjuvant-arthritis (Kuraishi et al., 1988) or carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia (Kawamura et al., 1989). In addition this antiserum inhibited the repeated cold stress-induced hyperalgesia in rats (Satoh et al., 1992). 

Satoh, M., Kuraishi, Y., Kawamura, M. Effects of intrathecal antibodies to substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin on repeated cold stress-induced hyperalgesia comparison with carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, Pain 1992, 49, 273-278. 

Phenolic compounds may be involved in plant responses to cold stress and in plant acclimation to low temperature. Acclimation of apple trees to cold climates was found to be associated with a seasonal accumulation of chlorogenic acid [102]. Strengthened frost tolerance in a variety of plants were attributed to thicker cell-wall lignification or suberization [102]. Thickening of cell walls and increased production of suberin-type lipids were observed in cold-acclimated winter rye leaves [103]. The presence of suberin in cell walls may favour membrane cell-wall adhesion, a major factor in the resistance of plant cells to freezing [104]. 

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