Acclimation to cold

Solecka, D. and Kacperska, A., Phenylpropanoid deficiency affects the course of plant acclimation to cold, Physiol. Plant., 119, 253, 2003. 

Pearce, R.S., 1999, Molecular analysis of acclimation to cold. Plant Growth Regul. 29 47-76. 

Murata, N. and Wada, H. (1995) Acyl-lipid desaturases and their importance in the tolerance and acclimation to cold of cyanobacteria. Biochem,J. 308 1-8. 

L Jansky, JS Hart. Cardiac output and organ blood flow in warm and cold-acclimated rats exposed to cold. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 46 653-659, 1968. 

Phenolic compounds may be involved in plant responses to cold stress and in plant acclimation to low temperature. Acclimation of apple trees to cold climates was found to be associated with a seasonal accumulation of chlorogenic acid [102]. Strengthened frost tolerance in a variety of plants were attributed to thicker cell-wall lignification or suberization [102]. Thickening of cell walls and increased production of suberin-type lipids were observed in cold-acclimated winter rye leaves [103]. The presence of suberin in cell walls may favour membrane cell-wall adhesion, a major factor in the resistance of plant cells to freezing [104]. 

Analysis of changes in in-vivo- and m-v/tro-synthesised proteins is a very descriptive approach to understanding the phenomenon of cold acclimation and cold tolerance. For a functional analysis a molecular dissection of the process is required. This will allow investigators to determine the level (transcriptional/translational) at which the appearance of the new mRNAs is regulated, and the sequence information of the cold-regulated genes should point to the biochemical features of the encoded proteins. 

Blier, P. and Guderley, H. (1988). Metabolic responses to cold acclimation in the swimming musculature of lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis. Journal of Experimental Zoology 246,244—252. 

Table 9-2 summarizes exposure studies that used controlled exposures to sulfur dioxide. Mild irritation, bronchoconstriction, and decreased lung function, as assessed by measurements of specific airway resistance or decreases in forced expiratory volume or expiratory flow, are produced after exposure of healthy individuals to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide. People with asthma are more susceptible. Exercise, cold air, and airborne participates appear to exacerbate the toxic effects (Gong et al. 1995 Roger et al. 1985 Schachter et al. 1984 Stacy et al. 1981). Concentration seems to be more important than duration as a determinant of health effects. Initial atmospheric exposure to sulfur dioxide can result in immediate discomfort, irritation, and coughing that abate after gradual acclimation to increasing concentrations (Andersen et al. 1974). Health effects reported by healthy volunteers are summarized in Table 9-3. 

When changes in thermogenin concentration due to cold acclimation of hamsters were measured by GDP-binding, ELISA, GDP-sensitive swelling, and GDP-sensitive respiration, it was found that these parameters increased in parallel, indicating that all thermogenin was functionally active [38,57]. 

Ju, Z., R.A. Dunham and Z. Liu. Differential gene expression in the brain of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in response to cold acclimation. Mol. Genet. Genomics 268 87—95, 2002. 

Adult humans have little brown fat, but human infants have a great deal. In the newborn, thermogenesis by brown-fat mitochondria is vital to survival, as it also is in hibernating mammals. In fur seals and other animals naturally acclimated to the cold, muscle-cell mitochondria contain thermogenin as a result, much of the proton-motive force is used for generating heat, thereby maintaining body temperature. 

Huner NPA, Oquist G and Sarhan F (1998) Energy balance and acclimation to light and cold. Trends in Plant Science 3 224-230... 

Exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures induces a process, known as cold acclimation, which makes the plant able to increase its fireezing tolerance. Treatment of wheat, rye and bromegrass cell cultures with ABA for four days at 20°C bypasses the requirement for exposure to low temperature for increased freezing tolerance suggesting that cold acclimation involves ABA. The Arabidopsis aba mutant is unable to cold acclimate by incubation at 4°C but the phenotype can be reverted by treatment with ABA. This shows that adaptation to freezing temperatures requires endogenous ABA. 

Exceptions to cold temperature adaptation being accompanied by shorter chain or more unsaturated fatty acids Include mycelial phospholipids with greater unsaturation when grown at 36 C vs 20 C (77), and the lack of correlation of cold temperature acclimation with Increased lipid unsaturation or membrane fluidity by four fungi representative of four different fungal classes (78). 

Navet, R., Mathy, G., Douette, P., Dobson, R.L., Leprince, P., De Pauw, E., Sluse-Goffart, C., and Sluse, F.E. (2007) Mitoproteome plasticity of rat brown adipocytes in response to cold acclimation. J Proteome Research 6, 25-33. 

Primary winter rye leaves developed at a day/night temperature regime of 25/15 and then transferred to the low temperature of 5 for cold acclimation did not increase their resistance to photoinhibition (data not shown). In fact longer periods (more than one week) of cold acclimation of such leaves induced chlorosis demonstrating the limited ability of rye leaves to acclimate to low temperature when developed at high temperatures. 

INCREASE IN ACTIVITIES OF SCAVENGERS FOR ACTIVE OXYGEN IN SPINACH RELATED TO COLD ACCLIMATION IN EXCESS LIGHT... 

Plant material Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants were acclimated to 1°C (cold-hardened material) or maintained at 18°C under the same light regime (unhardened controls). For details see ref. 5. 

Various aspects of spinacli bave been studied botb from the prospective of cold acclimation and cold bardening (1). Hardening protocols are often snort (10 to 14 days) thus they can not involve long developmental processes. 

Increase in Activities of Scavengers for Active Oxygen in Spinach Related to Cold Acclimation in Excess Light 483... 

Actively growing yeasts, either recently rehydrated or from starter tanks, should not be transferred directly to chilled must. Cold shock may reduce the viable cell count by up to 60% (Cone, 1994 personal communication) and, in general, result in slowed growth and increased potential for stuck/ protracted fermentations. Yeasts should be acclimated to within 10°C of target temperature prior to inoculation. 

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