Antioxidants curcumin

Panchal, H. et al., The antiproliferative and antioxidant curcumin influences gene expression of C6 rat glioma in vitro, Exp. Gerontol., 42, 1, 2007. 

Morales J, Dunbar JC, Ram JL (2002) Effect of aldose reductase inhibition on interleukin-ip-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in vascular tissue. Int J Exp Diabetes Res 3(1) 11-20 Muthenna P, Suryanarayana P, Gunda SK, Petrash JM, Reddy GB (2009) Inhibition of aldose reductase by dietary antioxidant curcumin mechanism of inhibition, specificity and significance. EEBS Eett 583(22) 3637-3642... 

Curcumin possesses strong antioxidant capacities, which may explain its effects against degenerative diseases in which oxidative stress plays a major role. As previously described for flavonoids, it is unlikely that curcumin acts as a direct antioxidant outside the digestive tract since its concentration in peripheral blood and organs is very low (near or below 1 pM, even after acute or long-term supplementation). Indeed, it has been shown that the intestinal epithelium limits its entry into the body, as reflected by absorption studies in various models (portal blood perfusion, everted bags). ... 

Some metabolites of curcumin (particularly tetrahydrocurcumin) may also participate in producing the observed effects of curcumin in different models because these metabolites display greater stabilities than the parent curcumin molecule at physiological pH. Recent data show similar modes of action of curcumin metabolites regarding antioxidant enzyme induction and inhibition of multidrug-resistant proteins. " Additional data indicate that curcumin may even act against other types of diseases such as atherosclerosis " " and Alzheimer s disease. " - " ... 

Data about curcunfin encapsulated in liposomes have been reported recently. The authors encapsulated curcumin into a liposomal delivery system in order to study the in vitro and in vivo effects of this compound on proliferation, apoptosis, signaling, and angiogenesis using human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Carotenoids of different polarities and in competition with cholesterol were specifically incorporated into liposomes in order to mimic the physiological uptake by cells and monitor their antioxidant capacities. ... 

Antioxidant capacities of common individual curcuminoids were determined in vitro by phosphomolybdenum and linoleic acid peroxidation methods. Antioxidant capacities expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents (pmol/g) were 3099 for curcumin, 2833 for demethoxycurcumin, and 2677 for bisdemethoxycurcumin at concentrations of 50 ppm. The same order of antioxidant activity (curcumin > demethoxycurcumin > bisdemethoxycurcumin) was observed when compared with BHT (buty-lated hydroxyl toluene) in linoleic peroxidation tests. The antioxidant activity of curcumin in the presence of ethyl linoleate was demonstrated and six reaction products were identified and structurally characterized. The mechanism proposed for this activity consisted of an oxidative coupling reaction at the 3 position of the curcumin with the lipid and a subsequent intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction. ... 

Jayaprakasha, G.K., Jaganmohan Rao, L., and Sakariah, K.K., Antioxidant activities of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Food Chem., 98, 720, 2006. 

Masuda, T. et ah. Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcumin analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumine and linoleate, J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2539, 2001. 

It has been known since the early 1950s that turmeric had strong antioxidant effects with curcumin being the major compound responsible followed by demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. All three inhibit lipid peroxidation and have a positive anti-oxidant effect for hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in mouse erythrocytes.11 Curry pills containing turmeric are being marketed as a prevention for colon cancer.29... 

A series of natural and synthetic products have also shown antiamyloid properties as amyloid scavengers or P-breakers. One example is the phenolic yellow curry pigment curcumin, which has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and can suppress oxidative damage, inflammation, cognitive deficits, and amyloid... 

Normally corticosteroids are used for COPD treatment. The corticosteroids bind to glucocorticoid receptors and enter the nucleus of the cells, where it recruits HDAC-2. HDAC-2 deacetylates the chromatin and represses gene expression of inflammatory genes. Thus, low levels of HDAC-2 is detrimental to the treatment of COPD. Antioxidants (for removal of superoxides) or iNOS inhibitor or theophylline/curcumin for PI3K inhibition are some of the options to restore the required HDAC-2 level. 

Curcuma longa L. C. domestica L. Yu Jin (Turmeric) (tuber) 1-curcamene, sesquiterpene, camphor, camphene, curmarin, curzernone, curzenene, curcumol, furanodienone, furanodiene, zederone, curcolone, diol, procurcumenol, curdione, curcumin. 33-398-460-510 Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-infectious properties, antioxidative activity. Activate blood flow, remove blood stasis. 

N.A. Volatile oil, zingiberen, turmerone, curcumin, resin.99,511 Stimulate secretion of bile, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, relieve stomach pain, antioxidant. 

Many naturally occurring antioxidants are found in common foods. These include the green tea catechins,5 6 resveratrol from red wine,7 curcumin from curry powder,8 sul-foraphane from cruciferous vegetables,9 etc. Some synthetic materials are also added to foods to prevent rancidity of lipids. Examples include butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA). 

Since many reports favor better radical scavenging and antioxidant ability of curcumin when compared with the other two, followed by DMC, the o-methoxy substitutions are certainly involved in this activity. The hydrogenbonding interaction between the phenolic OH and the o-methoxy groups in curcumin markedly influences the O H bond energy and H-atom abstraction... 

Chen J, Wanming D, Zhang D, Liu Q, Kang J. 2005. Water-soluble antioxidants improve the antioxidant and anticancer activity of low concentrations of curcumin in human leukemia cells. Pharmazie 60 57-61. 

Ramsewak RS, DeWitt DL, Nair MG. 2000. Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of curcumins I-III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine 7 303-308. 

Somparn P, Phisalaphong C, Nakornchai S, Unchern S, Morales NP. 2007. Comparative antioxidant activities of curcumin and its demethoxy and hydrogenated derivatives. Biol Pharm Bull 30 74—78. 

The antioxidant activity of curcumin has been investigated for over 30 years [Sharma, 1976], Curcumin has been shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation,... 

DNA damage in the presence of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and Cu(II) in vitro or in cells [Yoshino et al., 2004 Ahsan et al., 1999]. At higher concentrations curcumin exhibited genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in different systems [Cao et al., 2007]. At last, in vivo intervention trials using typical antioxidants such as ascorbate or carotenes yielded mostly disappointing results in terms of protection against oxidation-related diseases, sometime even increased the incidences of diseases [Stevenson and Hurst, 2007 Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay, 2008]. Obviously, the direct antioxidant capacity of plant phenolic compounds cannot explain their cytoprotective activities. 

Balogun E, Hoque M, Gong P, Killeen E, Green CJ, Foresti R, Alam J, Motterlini R. 2003. Curcumin activates the haem oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant-responsive element. Biochem J 371 887-895. 

Dutta S, Murugkar A, Gandhe N, Padhye S. 2001. Enhanced antioxidant activities of metal conjugates of curcumin derivatives. Met Based Drugs 8 183-188. 

Iqbal M, Sharma SD, Okazaki Y, Fujisawa M, Okada S. 2003. Dietary supplementation of curcumin enhances antioxidant and phase II metabolizing enzymes in ddY male mice Possible role in protection against chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity. Pharmacol Toxicol 92 33-38. 

Menon VP, Sudheer AR. 2007. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 595 105-125. 

Nishinaka T, Ichijo Y, Ito M, Kimura M, Katsuyama M, Iwata K, Miura T, Terada T, Yabe-Nishimura C. 2007. Curcumin activates human glutathione S-transferase PI expression through antioxidant response element. Toxicol Lett 170 238-247. 

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