Antioxidants cosmetic applications

Squalene is an isoprenoid compound that is found in large quantities in shark liver and in smaller quantities in olives, rice bran and wheat germ. It is a bactericidal compound and an antioxidant and it aids in skin nutrition. Several cosmetic applications of rice bran and rice bran oil arise from the biological effects of their squalene, vitamin E and y-oryzanol content. Since these compounds are fat-soluble, rice bran oil is used for all these preparations. 

Deoxy- gadusol 4-deoxygadusol/deri ved from mycosporine-like amino acid 4-deoxygadusol marine algae/antioxidant for food processing and cosmetic applications T( Suisan Co... 

Keto-L-Gulonic acid (2-KLG) is the precursor for Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic acid). Vitamin C is used on a large scale as an antioxidant in food, animal feed, beverages, pharmaceutical formulations, and cosmetic applications. About one half of the vitamin C is used in vitamin supplements and multivitamin preparations, one quarter in food additives, 15 percent in beverages, and 10 percent in animal feed. When ascorbic acid is used in... 

Sodium sulfite is used as an antioxidant in applications similar to those for sodium metabisulfite It is also an effective antimicrobial preservative, particularly against fungi at low pH (0.1% w/v of sodium sulfite is used). Sodium sulfite is used in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical applications such as parenteral formulations, inhalations, oral formulations, and topical preparations. 

Vitamin E is also widely used in many skin creams for medical and cosmetic applications. It is believed to contain powerful antioxidants that can protect skin cells... 

A great advantage of PEGs in all cosmetic applications is that they provide no nutrient for microorganisms and are not sensitive to oxidation. Consequently, such formulations have no tendency to go bad. PEGs are virtually free from bacteria when manufactured. Other sensitive components in cosmetic preparations must, if necessary, be protected by antioxidants or preservatives. 

Several CDs applications have been discussed in Chapter 6. Their lack of toxicity forms the basis for their applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and food industries as well as in toiletry and cosmetics [lb, lc]. They are also used or have been proposed to be applied, as sensitizers and stabilizers of dyes in photography, for impregnating paper, as fluorescent and other sensors [28], as corrosion inhibitors and rust proofing materials, UV stabilizers and antioxidants. One of the most spectacular is the prospective use of CDs as biodegradable plastics [29]. The complex of nitroglycerine with p-CDmarketed in Japan was mentioned in Chapter 1 while some other CDs applications have been presented in Chapter 6. 

Flavonoid glycosides and their esters are an important group of natural compounds isolated from plants. They are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food preparations, and it is therefore not surprising that the search for new derivatives with improved antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, or-more sim-ply-with more suitable physico-chemical properties for specific applications (i.e., increased stability and/or solubility), has identified enzyme-catalyzed regioselective esterification as a particularly promising approach to the target molecules [21a],... 

A very interesting field in membrane bioreactors is the production of cyclodextrins or oligosaccharides. In general, they have applications in food pharmaceutical, cosmetic agricultural, and plastics industries as emulsifiers, antioxidant, and stabilizing agents. In the food industry cyclodextrins are employed for the preparation of cholesterol-free products. The use of enzymatic membrane reactors to produce... 

Commercial applications. Over the last decade, bovine LF has been commercialised in various applications, e.g., in milk-based infant formulas, health supplements, functional foods and drinks, cosmetics, oral care products, chewing gums and feed supplements (Steijns, 2001). Such products are targeted at optimal iron delivery, mimicking human breast milk or boosting natural defense systems against infections. Also, LF could be exploited as a natural antioxidant due to its strong ability to bind iron, which is an important catalyst for free radical formation inside the cells. 

Plants represent a very important role in human nutrition, due to the large quantities of proteins, carbon hydrates, lipids, vitamins, antioxidants and mineral salts that its can supply. Sometimes the nutritional aspect can be associated with the flavour and fragrance of the extracts producing a high value products. In recent years one can observe an increase in research for natural sources, in particular from plant matrices, of additives with application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. 

The potentially beneficial properties of antioxidants have been a common subject in the popular press. Such compounds have the ability to eliminate toxic free radical species in living systems. Antioxidants are claimed to have cytoprotective properties in the inhibition of cancer, heart disease, and various skin disorders, and are often simply labeled as antiaging. There is a host of benzofuran examples in the recent literature that find application in all of these areas as potential pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and polymer stabilizers. 

The use of vitamins in humans consumes ca 40% of vitamins made worldwide. The majority of the vitamins, particularly in countries outside the United States, are used in animal husbandry. It is well estabUshed (21) that vitamins are critical to animal productivity, especially under confined, rapid growth conditions. Newer information (22) has shown that vitamin E added to catde feed has the additional effect of significandy prolonging beef shelf life in stores. Additional applications of vitamins exist. A small but growing market segment involves cosmetics (qv) (23). The use of the chemical properties of the vitamins, particularly as antioxidants (qv) in foods and, more recently, in plastics (vitamin E (24)), has emeiged as a growing trend. 

Vitamin E is used in a variety of applications of which the main ones are enhancement of animal feeds, vitamin supplements in humans, polyolefin antioxidant, food additives, cosmetics and toiletries and in medicinal applications. More uses of vitamin E are coming to the limelight and uses are multiplying after availability of the synthetic product. In fact, it is the fastest growing vitamin in the world ... 

Kojic acid and arbutin are tyrosinase inhibitors. Kojic acid inhibits tyrosinase activity by chelation and as an antioxidant, while arbutin is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. To impart hydrophobicity to these compounds to prevent degradation, phosphatidyl-kojic acid and phosphatidyl-arbutin were synthesized from dipalmitic-PC (DPPC) [43]. Their inhibition of l-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) to dop-achrome (precursor of melanin), catalyzed by tyrosinase in vitro, was of a similar level to the parent compounds. These phosphatidyl derivatives show promise for application in the cosmetics industry. 

These evidences suggest that among various naturally occurring substances in marine organisms, fucoxanthin proves to be one of the useful candidates in search for effective, nontoxic substances with potential antioxidant activity. Moreover, fucoxanthin is one of the most abundant carotenoid in the nature and could be used as a rich source of natural antioxidants with potential application in the food industry as well as cosmetic and pharmaceutical areas. 

Among the compounds foimd in seaweeds, those with antioxidant activity have an excellent potential for application in food industry and also in cosmetics and pharmacology industry, and for consumer interest too. Due to the presence of these compounds, marine algae may also have other health beneficial effects and therefore they could be used as nutra-ceuticals or in fimctional foodstuffs. 

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