Common Subject

Machine components ate commonly subjected to loads, and hence stresses, which vary over time. The response of materials to such loading is usually examined by a fatigue test. The cylinder, loaded elastically to a level below that for plastic deformation, is rotated. Thus the axial stress at all locations on the surface alternates between a maximum tensile value and a maximum compressive value. The cylinder is rotated until fracture occurs, or until a large number of cycles is attained, eg, lO. The test is then repeated at a different maximum stress level. The results ate presented as a plot of maximum stress, C, versus number of cycles to fracture. For many steels, there is a maximum stress level below which fracture does not occur called the... 

The molecular weight of natural rubber (NR) can be altered by mechanical means. Mastication of NR results in a reduction of molecular weight. In the distant past, NR was commonly subjected to mechanical degradation on open mills for extended periods of time to improve processability. 

Tip 1 The most common subject—verb agreement mistake is made when the subject of a sentence is separated from its verb by a phrase or clause. 

Fluid milk is commonly subjected to a combination steam injection/in-fusion and vacuum flash evaporation process to remove volatile off-flavor compounds. The process is designed to remove the same amount of water by the flash treatment as is added during steam injection/infu-sion, so that the composition of the milk remains unchanged. This treatment is most effective for removing volatile, water-soluble flavor compounds, such as those from weeds and feed consumed by the cow. The additional heat from this process usually provides further improvement in product shelf life. 

TESTING (Physiological). Determination of (lie toxicity of a substance or product by administering it to laboratory animals in controlled dosages, by mouth, skin application, or injection. Materials commonly subjected lo such evaluation are plianuaceuheals, pesticides, and foods. Extensive testing programs are required before such products are approved for human use. 

In the development of perceptual measurement techniques one needs databases with reliable quality judgements, preferably using the same experimental setup and the same common subjective quality scale. 

Area TlT2 permits theoretical inferences about common subject matter from the two perspectives, in area OlT2, by contrast, the theoretical propositions of state-specific science 2 are matters of direct observation for the scientist in d-SoC 1, and vice versa for the area Tlo2. State-specific science 3 consists of a body of observation and theory exclusive to that science and has no overlap with the two other sciences it does not confirm, contradict, or complement them. 

This chapter focuses on the use of fluidized bed granulation process in the development and preparation of low-dose granule formulations for further conversion to immediate release tablets for personal administration. As a reference document, the chapter does not cover some very common subjects such as process safety, material characterization techniques and basic process and instrumentation technologies. Because the authors intention is to relate their experience in this specialized area, these areas are not discussed in any depth however their omission does not reduce their importance. 

Azacyclic monomers containing an endocyclic nitrogen atom which are most commonly subjected to polymerisation in the presence of coordination catalysts include a-aminoacid /V-carboxyanhydrides. However, other monomers of this type, such as morpholine-2,5-dione, have also been subjected to coordination polymerisation. 

This suggests that what guarantees translatability in the absence of a close match between predicates is agreement about individuation. However, I said that conceptual schemes may differ about individuation as well. If we have neither type-reducibility, nor token-identity, translation may be impossible. So it looks that what I said about conceptual schemes still involves an untranslatability claim. I am not sure I would like to commit myself to this, but suppose I do. In this case I have to show that this commitment can be maintained. To be precise, what I have to show is this. There may be discourses having a common subject matter - or domain, to use the term from (IR3) - which both classify and individuate differently. 

To demonstrate how different fields of science can be focused and implemented on a common subject, in this case water... 

Nucleic adds are well-known to play an important role in both the replicative and the transcriptive functions of the genetic codes. DNA, one of the nucleic adds, for example, has a double stranded structure consisting of two polynucleotide chains twisted about each other in a double helix, which is stabilized by spedal base-base interactions of nudeic adds. The interactions among such purine and pyrimidine families are apparently a common subject of substantial interest among chemists in the fields of organic, macromolecular, and biochemical syntheses. 

The potentially beneficial properties of antioxidants have been a common subject in the popular press. Such compounds have the ability to eliminate toxic free radical species in living systems. Antioxidants are claimed to have cytoprotective properties in the inhibition of cancer, heart disease, and various skin disorders, and are often simply labeled as antiaging. There is a host of benzofuran examples in the recent literature that find application in all of these areas as potential pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and polymer stabilizers. 

Several Py-MS and Py-GC/MS studies were performed on a variety of proteins. One common subject in these studies was determination of the amino acid composition of the protein. A number of studies were performed to determine the differences and similarities between proteins from a given class, such as hemoglobins of different origins or different enzymes, etc. [15-18]. 

Polymer chemistry is an important branch of science, and polymer analysis and characterization is a common subject in scientific literature. Analytical pyrolysis is one of many tools used particularly for polymer identification and for the evaluation of polymer thermal properties. Before a more in-depth discussion on analytical pyrolysis and its application to polymer science, some basic concepts regarding the chemistry of synthetic polymers will be briefly discussed. 

Vary your sentence style. The only torture worse than listening to someone s nails scraping across a blackboard is being forced to read a paragraph full of identically constructed sentences. To illustrate this point, the following are a few sentences composed in the all-too-common subject + predicate pattern ... 

Pervaporation membranes are commonly subject to swelling. This has the effect of increasing the permeance as the concentration of permeating component increases. In addition, permeance generally increases with temperature. Hence, Joi is not a constant, but can be expressed as a function of temperature and of the partial vapor pressure of the permeating component, i.e.,... 

There is a far-reaching analogy between the addition of dialkylaluminum hydrides to olefins (hydroalumination) and Brown s hydroboration reaction, and in particular the third stage of hydroboration. Hydroboration is more facile than hydroalumination, and proceeds by cis addition to the double bond. Cis addition of R2AI—H to the double bond may reasonably be presumed but is not definitely established, since there is no test of cis addition for the terminal olefins which are most commonly subjected to hydroalumination. 

Nevertheless, the tests are of value, and the lack of definition inherent in many of them is consistent with the ill-defined stimuli to which explosives are commonly subjected. Unfortunately, however, they provide no insight into the mechanism of initiation, and substantial work will be necessary to yield more precise and accurate measures based on the findings of fundamental research. In the meantime refinements can be made to the existing techniques by introducing improved instrumentation to define better the mechanical, thermal, or electric stimulus applied to study the effect of different variables, such as the confinement of the explosive and to quantify the significance of various material parameters for the probability of initiation. 

The most popular methods for extracting biological samples (in particular plasma, urine, and tissue) include solvent extraction with protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). While urine or bile can be directly injected for an LC-MS analysis, plasma must be first extracted to remove proteins. In some cases, it is desirable to clean up urine and bile samples and thus such samples are also most commonly subjected to SPE. 

The area labeled 0102 permits direct observation in both sciences. Area T1T2 permits theoretical inferences about common subject matter from the two perspectives. In area 01T2, by contrast, the theoretical... 

Many disperse systems with solid continuous phase are the common subjects for studies in such areas of science as material science, physics of materials, physics of metals and others. This is related to the existing great variety of such systems. Obviously, their properties (among which mechanical ones are of primary importance) are significantly different from those of systems with liquid dispersion medium. At the same time, the investigation of processes leading to the formation of such systems and their interactions with ambient media constitute direct subjects of colloid science. 

Computations have also been applied to the analysis of exo endo ratios. The computed differences in energies of the exo and endo TS are often small and are subject to adjustments when solution models are used. Cyclopentadiene has been a common subject, since there is more experimental data for this compound than for any other. MP3/6-31G -level computations were used to compare the exo and endo TS for the reactions with acrylonitrile and but-2-en-3-one (methyl vinyl ketone), and ZPE and thermal corrections were included in the calculations. Good qualitative agreement was achieved with the experimental results, which is little stereoselectivity for acrylonitrile and endo stereoselectivity for but-3-en-2-one. 

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