Azadirachta indica

Shanker et al. [120] prepared bimetallic Au-core/ Ag-shell nanoparticles by the simultaneous reduction of Au(III) and Ag(I) ions in the presence of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth as an extracting agent. 

Arivazhagan S, Velmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V and Nagini S. 2004. Effects of aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf on hepatic and blood oxidant-antioxidant status during experimental gastric carcinogenesis. J Med Food 7(3) 334—339. 

Talwar, G. P., Shaha, S., Mukherehee, S. and R. Chabra (1997). Indueed Termination of Pregnancy by Purified Extracts of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) -Mechanisms Involved. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 37 (6) 485-491. 

Birds that breed in cavities and reuse their nest sites often incorporate green parts of aromatic plants into their nests. Starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, prefer certain species of plants to others. House sparrows. Passer domesticus, incorporate neem (margosa) tree, Azadirachta indica, leaves into their nests. Extracts from neem leaves repel arthropods and inhibit oviposition (Sengupta, 1981). The aromatic plants are thought to fulfill an important function by keeping down populations of microbes in the birds nests (Mason and Clark, 1986). 

The seeds from the Indian neem tree, Azadirachta indica, are the source of two types of neem-derived botanical insecticides neem oil and medium polarity extracts. Neem seeds contain numerous azadirachtin (Fig. 9) analogs, but the major form is azadirachtin and the remaining minor analogs are likely to contribute little to the overall efficacy of the extracts. Typically, solvent partitions or other chemical processes are required to concentrate this active ingredient to the level of 10% to 50% seen in the technical grade material used to produce commercial products. 

Figure 15. 3-Deacetylazadirachtinol, a Potent Insect Ecdysis Inhibitor Isolated from the Seeds of Azadirachta indica (57)...

Jacobson, M. In "Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.)" Schmutterer, H. Ascher, K.R.S. Rembold, H., Eds. German Agency for Technical Cooperation Eschborn, Germany, 1980 pp. 33-42,... 

Several types of tree producing non-edible oils, with an estimated annual production potential of more than 20 Mt, are being considering in India for biodiesel production [13-18] karanja (Pongamia pinnata), nahar (Mesua firrua), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), pinnai (Calophyllum L.), neem (Azadirachta indica), mahua (Madhuca Mica) and rubber (Hevea hrasiliensis). All of them have an FFA content of 3-20%. 

OH-7,4 -diOMe Tetra-O-substituted monoprenyl 8-Pr C22H24O5 368 Flowerine Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Flower 81... 

From a chemosystematic point of view, it is interesting to note that prenylated flavonoids such as microfolione (56) have been found in a species of the family Ptaeroxylaceae, because the relationships of this family with other families were disputed in the past. Most taxonomists considered the Ptaeroxylaceae closely related to families in the order Rutales to which the Rutaceae and Meliaceae belong, whereas others considered it related to the Sapindaceae. Flavonoid chemistry supports a close relationship to the Rutaceae and Meliaceae, as iso-prenylated flavanones also occur in these families, e.g., 58 and 98 in Boronia coerulescens ssp. spinescens, the farnesyl-bearing 121 (Figure 15.3) in B. ramosa (Rutaceae)," and flowerine (59) and flowerone (60) in Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Microfolione is one of the few new flavanones for which the (2i )-configuration has been determined. 

Siddiqui, B.S. et al., Chemical constituents of the flowers of Azadirachta indica, Helv. Chim. Acta, 86, 2787, 2003. 

Balasubramanian, C. et al., Flavonoid from resin glands of Azadirachta indica. Phytochemistry, 34, 1194, 1993. 

Baswa M, Rath C C, Dash S K, et al. Antibacterial activity of karanj (Pongamia pinnata) and Iveem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil a preliminary report [f]. Microbios, 2001, 105 (412) 183-189. 

Other naturally derived aflatoxin inhibitors obtained from the "neem" tree have been investigated in our laboratory (84), Azadirachta indica Juss. commonly known as "margosa" or "neem" is an ornamental tree of Asia and Africa that produces natural products having reputed value for their medicinal, antiviral, antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal and antinematode properties (86, 87). Several active principles from different parts of the neem tree have been reported (88). Our investigation (84) examined the effects of these neem leaf components in neem leaves on aflatoxin biosynthesis by either Aspergillus parasiticus or A. flavus. 

Many triterpenes also have anti herbivore activity. In general, those which are highly oxygenated seem to be more active in this regard M). The role of cardiac glycosides, insects and their predators has been reviewed (91-94). A number of metabolically altered triterpenes from the Rutaceae, Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae are antifeedants. Extracts of neem tree seeds (Azadirachta indica. Meliaceae) were shown to be repellent to a number of insects when applied to various crop plants at low concentrations. The probable active compound is tetranortriter-pene, azadirachtin (9 ). This compound from the leaves and fruits... 

A limonoid from Azadirachta indica (Neem) Steroids... 

H. Schmutterer (ed.), The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous Plants Sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes , VCH, Wein-heim, 1995, 696 pp. 

Ndumu et al. evaluated the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica seed oil against the larvae of this parasite [95]. They administered the oil as hydroalcoholic solutions ranging 4.2-100% and computed the mortality within 60 hours. Authors observed that the mortality of larvae was concentration and time dependent 100% mortality was observed with 100% pure neem oil after 48 h. The LD50 of different concentrations were 33.3% (56 h) and 66.7% (48 h). Author also observed little or no adverse effects on treated animals. Furthermore, they stated that the open wound caused by tick bites and therefore exposed to potential fungal and bacterial attacks, could be protected by the microbicidal properties of the neem oil. Previously, the effectiveness of neem oil was also observed by Williams and Mansingh against another tick species of the same genus, A. cajennense, another cattle tick [96]. 

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