Antioxidant supplementation

Kim, H.S. and Lee, B.M., Protective effects of antioxidant supplementation on plasma lipid peroxidation in smokers, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 63, 583, 2001. Gaziano, J.M. et al.. Supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro does not inhibit low density lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis, 112, 187, 1995. Sutherland, W.H.F. et al.. Supplementation with tomato juice increases plasma lycopene but does not alter susceptibility to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins from renal transplant recipients, Clin. Nephrol, 52, 30, 1999. 

Routine antioxidant vitamin supplementation, e.g. with vitamins C and/or E, of the diabetic diet should be considered. Vitamin C depletion is present in all diabetics irrespective of the presence of vascular disease. A recent study demonstrated no significant difference between the dietary intake of vitamin C (the main determinant of plasma ascorbate) in patients with diabetes and age-matched controls, confirming the view that ascorbate depletion is secondary to the diabetic process and su esting that diabetic patients require additional intakes of the vitamin to maintain optimal levels (Sinclair et /., 1994). Antioxidant supplementation may have additive beneficial effects on a wide variety of processes involved in diabetic vascular damage including blood pressure, immune function, inflammatory reactions. 

Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, and Nyland J (2004), Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration The Veterans LAST study (lutein antioxidant supplementation trial), Optometry 75 216-30. 

Falsini, B., M. Piccardi et al. (2003). Influence of short-term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age-related maculopathy A pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment. Ophthalmology 110(1) 51-60. 

Mein, J. R., N. Chongvirihaphan, and X. D. Wang. 2006. The effect of combined antioxidant supplementation (beta-carotene, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) on the expression of CMOl and CM02 in smoke-exposed ferrets. In American Association of Cancer Research Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research Meeting. Boston, MA. 

Vitamin C is also an antioxidant (supplements over 500 mg per day may have prooxidant effect). 

Miller and others (1998) used ethane analysis to study the effect of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables on lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, Stewart and others (2002) used the formation of pentane to evaluate the antioxidant status of healthy young children in response to a commercially available fruit- and vegetable-based antioxidant supplement. 

The foregoing method has been adapted by Davalos and others (2004) using a conventional fluorescence microplate reader and applied to pure compounds (benzoic and cinnamic acids and aldehydes, flavonoids, and butylated hydroxyanisole) and to wines, as well as to commercial dietary antioxidant supplements. Eberhardt and others (2005) have also proposed a similar method for the determination of the antioxidant activity in broccoli. 

Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH and McKenzie MJ. 2006. Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise comparison of antioxidant supplements. Med Sci Sports Exercise 38(6) 1098-1105. 

Jacob RA, Aiello GM, Stephensen CB, Blumberg JB, Milbury PE, Wallock LM and Ames BN. 2003. Moderate antioxidant supplementation has no effect on biomarkers of oxidant damage in healthy men with low fruit and vegetables intakes. J Nutr 133(3) 740-743. 

Stewart RJ, Askew EW, McDonald CM, Metos J, Jackson WD, Balon TW and Prior RL. 2002. Antioxidant status of young children response to an antioxidant supplement. J Am Diet Assoc 102(11) 1652—1657. Stratil P, Klejdus B and Kuban V. 2006. Determination of total content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in vegetables evaluation of spectrophotometric methods. J Agric Food Chem... 

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) may play a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Risk factors for elevated levels of oxidized LDL are not well established and may be important in identifying individuals who may benefit from antioxidant supplementation or interventions to reduce oxidant stress. 

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004. 

The role of the antioxidant properties of vitamins C, E, and p-carotene in the prevention of cardiovascular disease has been the focus of several recent studies. Antioxidants reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, which may play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. However, an inverse relationship between the intake or plasma levels of these vitamins and the incidence of coronary heart disease has been found in only a few epidemiological studies. One study showed that antioxidants lowered the level of high-density lipoprotein 2 and interfered with the effects of lipid-altering therapies given at the same time. While many groups recommend a varied diet rich in fruits and vegetables for the prevention of coronary artery disease, empirical data do not exist to recommend antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of coronary disease. 

The lack of long-term of effects of antioxidant supplementation on TAC of blood plasma is no surprise. If the normal level of ascorbate in blood plasma is about 50 fjM and a dietary intervention succeeds in augmentating this level by 50% (i.e., up to 75 /xM), this effect can hardly be discernible when measuring TAC of the order of 1-1.5 mM. This argument applies even more to tocopherol (mean plasma level of 20 /xM) or /1-carotene (0.9 /xM) (R16). 

SUV1MAX 7.5 yr 13,017 M-F Antioxidant supplementation reduces the risk of cancer in man no risk reduction in women. The baseline /3-carotene and vitamin C status was lower in men than in women. (205)... 

One of the major problems is the lack of a standard test to determine the OS. Despite the fact that they are not very precise, they still are the only possible tools to determine if an antioxidant treatment can be effective or not. Nobody would use an antihypertensive drug in case of a normal blood pressure. The same should be for antioxidant supplements, no matter which way they are combined. 

Nelson J, Berstein PS, Schmidt MC, et al. Dietary modification and moderate antioxidant supplementation differentially affect serum carotenoids, antioxidant levels and markers of oxidative stress in older humans. J Nutr 2003 31 17-3 123. 

Grodstein F ChenJ, WlletWC. High-dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women, AmJ Clin Nutr 2003 77 975-984,... 

Salonen RM, Nyyssonen K, Kaikkonen J, et al. Six-years effect of combined vitamin C and E supplementation on atherosclerotic progression. The Antioxidant Supplementation on Atherosclerotic Progression. Circulation 2003 107 947-953. 

Urso, M.L. and Clarkson, PM. 2003. Oxidative stress, exercise, and antioxidant supplementation. Toxicology 189(1-2) 41-54. 

Such studies in excised skin showed that skin antioxidant systems are compromised by a single dose of UV light, and that UVB irradiation probably initiates free radical production, depleting cutaneous antioxidants. But no free radical-induced damage was directly detected, and antioxidant supplementation was not attempted. 

Whether these changes are primary or secondary to other factors such as oxidative stress, poor nutrition (i.e., protein and/or micronutrient malnutrition) is currently unknown. Importantly, similar deficiencies have been significantly improved by antioxidant supplementation in the elderly (K13). In this regard, zinc deficiency is also common in the elderly and has been reported in DS patients. This topic is more fully discussed later. 

ALCOHOL BETA-CAROTENE (a precursor to vitamin A and a popular antioxidant supplement) t risk of liver damage Alcohol combined with beta-carotene led to more liver damage than was produced by alcohol exposure alone Be aware... 

Moriarty-Craige, S. Adkison, J. Lyim, M. Gensler, G. Bressler, S. Jones, D. Stemberger, P. 2005. Antioxidant supplements prevent oxidation of cysteine/ cystine redox inpatients with age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140 1020-1026. 

Slattery, M. et al.. Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 71, 575, 2000. Kaugars, G.E. et al., A clinical trial of antioxidant supplements in the treatment of oral leukoplakia. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 78, 462, 1994. 

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