ANSI

ANSI s Safety Requirements for Confined Spaces provides minimum safety requirements to be followed while entering, exiting, and working in confined spaces at normal atmospheric pressure. The Table of Contents for the standard is given in Table 3.3. 

A good guideline for what elements a safety management system should contain is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ANSI/AIHA ZlO-2005 American National Standard Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. A similar standard exists for the construction and demolition industry ANSI/ASSE AlO.38-2000 (R2007) Basic Elements of an Employer s Program to Provide a Safe and Healthful Work Environment. 

Other international guidelines and safety accreditation systems include the British Standards Institute (BSI), Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001). 

In 1976 through the efforts of the LAPI Committee, chaired by Charles J. O Connor, the LAPI Manual was itself replaced by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) voluntary standard, American National Standard for the Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Industrial Chemicals, ANSI Z129.1-1976 (American National Standards Institute, New York, NY). 

The second edition consists of an introduction, four sections, and two appendices. (The appendices present examples and are not part of the consensus document.) Section 1 identifies the scope of the standard and section 2 lists definitions for particular terms. Thus, paraphrasing, adequate ventilation refers to a condition in which air contaminant concentrations are below levels that cause injury or illness, or, that the vapors of flammable liquids are well below the lower flammable limit. A toxic chemical has an oral LD50 for edbino rats greater than 50 mg/kg but not greater than 500 mg/kg, or a 24 hr. skin contact LD50 for albino rabbits more than 200 mg/kg but not more than 1000 mg/kg, or an inhalation LC50 for albino rats more than 200 ppm but not more than 2000 ppm of gas or vapor or more than 2 mg/f but not more than 20 mg/f of dust or mist, provided that such exposures are reasonably likely to be encountered by humans in their use of the chemical. 

Section 3 deals with General Requirements, Section 4 with the Selection of Precautionary Label Text, Appendix A with illustrative examples, and Appendix B with the Labeling of Serious Chronic Hazards. 

Until definitions and test protocols for chronic effects are established, precautionary label texts for serious chronic effects should be used when there is generally accepted, well-established evidence that such serious chronic effects exist or when required by law. 

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The computer subroutines for calculation of vapor-phase and liquid-phase fugacity (activity) coefficients, reference fugac-ities, and molar enthalpies, as well as vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibrium ratios, are described and listed in this Appendix. These are source routines written in American National Standard FORTRAN (FORTRAN IV), ANSI X3.9-1978, and, as such, should be compatible with most computer systems with FORTRAN IV compilers. Approximate storage requirements and CDC 6400 execution times for these subroutines are given in Appendix J. 

The subroutines PARIN and PARCH are source routines written in American National Standard FORTRAN (FORTRAN IV), ANSI X3.9-1978, and should be compatible with most computer systems where input can be taken from logical unit 3. 

Standards Institution) in Germany, DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung), in the United States, ANSI (American National Standards Institute). 

The national organizations are often relayed into each profession by a body created and financed by this profession and which undertakes all or part of the work in preparing the standards. In the petroleum industry, this role is carried out in France by the BNPet (Bureau de Normalisation du Petrole) and in Germany by the FAM (Fachausschuss Mineralol-und Brennstoffnormung), in the United Kingdom by the IP (Institute of Petroleum), and in the USA by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). In the first two cases, the standards are published only by the national organizations (AFNOR and DIN respectively), while the IP and the ASTM also publish their own documents, only some of which are adopted by the BSI and ANSI, respectively. 

Figure 8 Sensitivity of the new photothermal camera to small depth defects. lmage of an EDM notch of 1mm long, 100 pm width and 200 pm depth on ANSI 304 stainless steel with a bad surface condition (ground surface, "Vi 2 -6 ).

The calculation was carried out using the ANSYS F.E.M. code. The pressure vessel was meshed with a 4 nodes shell element. Fig. 18 shows a view of the results of calculation of the sum of principal stresses on the vessel surface represented on the undeformed shape. For the calculation it was assumed an internal pressure equal to 5 bar and the same mechanical characteristics for the test material. 

Safety in Welding and Cutting ANSI Z49.1-1988, American Welding Society, Miami, Fla., 1988. 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. Formerly, there was an Insulation Board Institute representing the insulation board industry, but the decline in the market and number of producers has led to its demise. Currently (ca 1997), the industry is represented by the American Hardboard Association (AHA). Specifications and standards are found in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for CellulosicFiberboard (7). The standard includes descriptions of the various types and classes of ftberboard, as well as requirements for physical and dimensional stabiUty properties. QuaUty control tests are limited to a few basic strength and stabiUty tests, including bending strength, bond strength, and moisture resistance. 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. The hardboard industry is represented by the American Hardboard Association (AHA). Specifications and standards are contained in several ANSI standards (8—11). These standards define the various hardboard product categories as well as specific product qualities required for each group. 

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood ANSI/HPVA HP-1-1994, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1994. 

A representative list of conversion factors from non-SI to SI units is presented herewith. Factors are given to four significant figures. Exact relationships are followed by a dagger. A more complete Hst is given in the latest editions of ASTM E380 (4) and ANSI Z210.1 (6). 

Orfice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Kelated Hydrocarbons, ANSI/API 2530, AGA report No. 3, American Gas Association, Arlington, Va., 1985. FluidMeters—TheirTheoy and Application, 6th ed., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1971. 

Drinking Water System Components—Flea/th Fffects, ANSI/NSE Standard 61, NSE International, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988. 

Standardfor FiquifiedHydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites, Nad. Eke Protect. Assoc, pamphlet no. 50B (ANSI Z292.3), 1973. 

To efficiendy drive the development of improved substrate materials, the limiting values of birefringence have to be known this is especially tme for WORM and EOD(MOR) substrate disks. These limit values were laid down by the ANSI (American National Standard Institute) Technical Standard Committee (186—188). For 5.25 in. WORM disks, the ANSI document X 3 B 11/88-144 recommends a maximum LEP value of 9% this corresponds to an optical path difference perpendicular to the plane of the disk of not more than 80 nm/mm (double path). For 5.25 in. EOD(MOR) disks, more stringent conditions apply (ANSI-document X 3 B 11/88-049), which also allow calculation of the allowed range. 

The ASA (now ANSI) performance code for Safety Glazing Materials was revised in 1966 to incorporate these improvements in windshield constmction. The addition of test no. 26 requiring support of a 2.3-kg ball dropped from 3.7 m defined this level of improvement. It was based on a correlation estabUshed between 10-kg, instmmented, head-form impacts on windshields, on 0.6 x 0.9-m flat laminates, and the standard 0.3 x 0.3-m laminate with the 2.3-kg ball (28). Crash cases involving the two windshield interlayer types were matched for car impact speeds and were compared (29). The improved design produced fewer, less extensive, and less severe facial lacerations than those produced in the pre-1966 models. 

One of the most significant laser safety standards is that developed by the Z-136 committee of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (55). Although it is voluntary, many organi2ations use the ANSI standard. It contains a number of items including a recommendation for maximum permissible levels of exposure to laser radiation for various wavelengths, exposure durations, and different parts of the body separation of lasers into four different classes according to the level of ha2ard they present and recommendation of safety practices for lasers in each of the classes. 

The U.S. Eood and Dmg Administration (EDA) adopted a legally binding standard, which took the form of a performance standard for laser products (56,57). The standard provides a classification scheme for lasers similar to the ANSI classification. AH lasers sold after August 2, 1976 must comply with its provisions. The standard requires incorporation of safety-related labeling and protective equipment according to the class of the laser. The primary impact of the EDA standard is on laser manufacturers and scientific supply firms. 

Safe Use of Lasers, ANSI Standard Z136.1-1993, Laser Institute of America, Odando, Fla., 1993. 

Codification of Certaki Nonferrous Metals and Alloys, Cast and Wrought," specification no. ANSI/ASTM Annual Book ofASTM... 

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