Molybdenum intake

The severity of the signs depends on the level of molybdenum intake relative to that of copper and inorganic sulfate... 

Nagy, J.G., W. Chappell, and G.M. Ward. 1975. Effects of high molybdenum intake in mule deer. Jour. Anim. Sci. 41 412. 

Organ meats, legumes and grains are good sources. The adequate range of molybdenum intake for adults is 75 to 250 meg/day. It is equally excreted in the urine and the faeces. 

Restriction of the molybdenum intake by young rats in a synthetic purified casein diet results in a decreased level of tissue, particularly small intestinal, xanthine oxidase. The enzyme levels arc rest tired to normal by the inclusion of sodium molybdate and other molybdate compounds. Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdate, and dietary intakes of tungstate greatly reduce the molybdenum and xanthine oxidase concentrations in tissues. 

Molybdenum is important in agriculture, and plays a vital part in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. However, the concentration present in the soil is critical in relation to copper metabolism. If the molybdenum intake by animals is too high, especially with ruminants, then a copper-deficiency problem called "molybdenosis" can occur. On the other hand, too low an intake of molybdenum can lead to excessive copper metabolism and copper poisoning. The total use of molybdenum... 

In cattle, excess molybdenum intake leads to teart , a severe diarrhea (scours) and impaired state of health (Ferguson et al. 1938)... 

The fact that molybdenum is a component of enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, provides stronger evidence of its essentiality. On the other hand, the molybdenum intake of animals (and man) is higher than their normative molybdenum requirement of... 

Holzinger S, Anke M, Rohrig B and Gonzales D (1998a) Molybdenum intake of adults in Germany and Mexico. Analyst 123 447-450. 

The specific treatment of WD is aimed at removing excessive body copper by chelation with D-penicillamine. Chelation therapy will reverse most of the clinical disturbances in the symptomatic WD patient, and will maintain nonsymptomatic WD patients in that state for their life-span (Marsden 1984, Mowet 1984). Patients who develop intolerance to D-penicillamine may be treated with equal success with Tri-entine (triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride) (Scheinberg 1991). Continuous oral zinc acetate therapy may also reduce the amount of excessive copper in the bloodstream (Brewer et al. 1983, Cossack 1987), but conclusive clinical tests on such a therapy have yet to be performed. Tetrathiomo-lybdate was successfully used to remove excessive copper in copper-poisoned sheep (Wing and Mehra 1990), and some clinical trials are currently in progress to ascertain the value of molybdenum in human WD therapy. It is pertinent to note here that in a case report on high molybdenum intake from a dietary supplement, an acute psychotic clinical picture was observed (Momci-lovic 1999). 

The molybdenum content of hen s eggs is strongly influenced by the hen s molybdenum intake. Analogously, this applies to all animal foodstuffs. 

Tab. 18.5 Molybdenum intake ( ig per day) of adult Germans and Mexicans with mixed and ovo-lacto-vegetarian diets differentiated by time and sex...

Fig. 18.1 Frequency distribution of molybdenum intake of man on the average of a week (1988, 1992, 1996).

Worldwide, the molybdenum intake interpreting the effects of a high molybde-of adults varied between 58 and 523 Lig per num intake, consideration should be made day in Germany and India (Parr et al. that the calculation using the basket 1992, Sima et al. 1998). However, when method overestimates molybdenum intake... 

Tab. 18.6 Molybdenum intake, excretion, apparent absorption rate and balance of peoples with mixed and ovo-lacto-vegetarian diets...

The heavy metal molybdenum first became of interest to the fauna when Ferguson et al. (1938) showed molybdenosis in cattle from certain sites in England to be caused by excessive molybdenum intake. The condition also developed worldwide after anthropogenic pollution with molybdenum on coal mine spoils (Erdman 1978) and uranium-bearing lignites (Stone et al. 1983). 

A Heinz body anemia was found in dairy cows with a high molybdenum intake but low copper status (Smith and Coup 1973). 

To summarize, molybdenum toxicity in animals includes anemia, anorexia, profound diarrhea, joint abnormalities, osteoporosis, hair discoloration, reduced sexual activity, and death (Table 18.10). Diets which are low in sulfate and copper enhance the toxicity of molybdenum. A high molybdenum intake also decreased feed intake by cattle and pigs, while molybdenum levels in the serum, hair, ribs, kidneys, and cerebrum reflect significant intake of the... 

Nagy JG, Chappell WR and Ward GM (1975) The effects of high molybdenum intakes in mule deer. J Anim Sci 41 412 (Abstr). 

Vyskocil and Viau (1999) assessed molybdenum toxicity in humans and calculated the tolerable daily intake (TDl), no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for molybdenum intake. The authors have calculated a TDI of 0.009 mg Mo/kg/day and a NOAEL and LOAEL of 0.9 and... 

Ferguson et al. [38] found that the teart disease of cattle from certain sites in England was caused by an ample molybdenum intake. Molybdenosis is manifested by diarrhea, anorexia, depigmentation of hair, neurological disturbances, and premature death (Table 2). 

High molybdenum content in the feed can lead to bone deformities in cattle, sheep, rabbits, and rats. The reason for this is secondary copper deficiency as it was shown in cattle. Molybdenum exposure also reduces the fertility of heifers and cows [40,41], But this does not seem to be due to an effect of secondary copper deficiency but to a particular effect of molybdenum exposure. In bulls and he-goats molybdenum intake led to the loss of sexual libido and to damage of interstitial cells and germinal epithelium [39]. 

In humans, a high incidence of gout has been associated with abnormally high molybdenum concentrations in the soils and plants of Armenia [42]. Humans and livestock exposed to these high molybdenum intakes (10-15 mg/day in humans) displayed abnormally high levels of uric acid in serum and tissue xanthine oxidase activities. Increases in uric acid excretion were noted in some individuals but not when diets supplied less molybdenum (<1.5 mg/day). 

Molybdenum intake and carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects were not correlated [15]. 

Plasma molybdenum reflects dietary molybdenum intake. J. Nutr. Biochem., 15, 90-95. 

Novotny, J. and Tumlund, J. (2006) Molybdenum intake influences molybdenum kinetics in men. ]. Nutr., 137, 37-M2. 

Zealand by Cunningham.Several experiments by this worker have shown that increased molybdenum intake either naturally from molybdenum-high pastures or from added molybdate reduces the copper content of bovine livers and blood. Data from one of these experiments are given in Table 4. Cunningham claims further that molybdenum rather than copper is the significant factor in the scouring of cattle on copper-deficient peat lands since this symptom occurs where the pastures are moderately low in copper and moderately high in molybdenum but not where the pastures are deficient in copper but contain normal low amounts of molybdenum. 

The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council (FNB-NRC) recommends that the molybdenum intake of an adult be within the range of 75 to 250 mcg/day. 

Molybdenum intake in average U.S. diet— The daily intake from a mixed diet in the United States has been estimated at about 180 mcg/day. 

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