Mineral oil additives

Food grade oils may be made from technical, or USP, white mineral oil. Additives to resist wear, high bearing pressures, oxidation, and corrosion are usually blended with the base oil. Mineral-based food grade oils can be used in temperatures up to about 180T. 

For comparison, blends were also prepared with a commercially available SEES triblock copolymer, Kraton G1652 [37]. Figure 11.11 shows stress-strain plots of Kraton G1652 and CEBC 66.32.40 with identical levels of oil. Despite the greater similarity of the solubility parameters in the CEBC polymers compared to the SEBS polymer, these materials show very similar blend elastomeric properties even up to 24% mineral oil addition. 

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utiHty in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubiHties and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stabiHty to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

The largest volume of hydrauHc fluids are mineral oils containing additives to meet specific requirements. These fluids comprise over 80% of the world demand (ca 3.6 x 10 L (944 x 10 gal))- In contrast world demand for fire-resistant fluids is only about 5% of the total industrial fluid market. Fire-resistant fluids are classified as high water-base fluids, water-in-oil emulsions, glycols, and phosphate esters. Polyolesters having shear-stable mist suppressant also meet some fire-resistant tests. 

Although the black inks are predominantly based on mineral oil, colors are almost entirely formulated with a soya bean oil vehicle. The superior printabHity of colors and economics of blacks guide the selection of product types by the market. Recently developed low mb blacks offer smudge-resistant print. Their share of the market is growing rapidly. The low mb characteristics of these inks are produced through the use of low stmcture carbon black. The addition of resin further enhances the smudge resistance but imposes a premium price. 

Formulas are very simple. For example, in the case of black they often contain no additives and consist merely of pigment, mineral oil, and asphaltic pitch. Low mb inks are available however, due to economics, a traditional type of formulation based on mineral oil and high stmcture carbon black is predominantly used. 

Other Specialty Chemicals. In fuel-ceU technology, nickel oxide cathodes have been demonstrated for the conversion of synthesis gas and the generation of electricity (199) (see Fuel cells). Nickel salts have been proposed as additions to water-flood tertiary cmde-oil recovery systems (see Petroleum, ENHANCED oil recovery). The salt forms nickel sulfide, which is an oxidation catalyst for H2S, and provides corrosion protection for downweU equipment. Sulfur-containing nickel complexes have been used to limit the oxidative deterioration of solvent-refined mineral oils (200). 

Some hquid defoamers are preemulsified relatives of paste defoamers. In addition to the fatty components mentioned above, kerosene [8008-20-6] or an organic cosolvent such as 2-propanol have been used to enhance stabiUty of the oil—water emulsion and the solubiUty of the defoamer s active ingredients. These cosolvents are used less frequently as concerns increase about volatile organic emissions (VOCs) from the paper machine. Additionally, the use of ultrapure mineral oil in defoamers has become commonplace. Concern about the creation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in the pulping process has led to the discovery of unchlorinated precursor molecules, especially in recycled mineral oil and other organic cosolvents used in defoamer formulations (28). In 1995 the mineral oil that is used is essentially free of dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran. In addition, owing to both the concern about these oils and the fluctuating cost of raw materials, the trend in paper machine defoamers is toward water-based defoamers (29). 

Emulsifiers are incorporated in oil and synthetic mud formulations to maintain a stable emulsion of the internal brine phase. These materials include calcium and magnesium soaps of fatty acids and polyamines and amides and their mixtures (123,127). The specific chemistry of these additives depends on the nature of the continuous phase of the mud, ie, whether diesel oil, mineral oil, or a synthetic Hquid. Lime is added along with the fatty acid to form the... 

Mineral oil and paraffins should not be used, because these are not metabolized and may irritate tissue. Various other additives are needed for stabiUty, stefihty, and isotonicity antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants (qv), chelating agents (qv), and buffers. No parenteral container material is completely inert to parenteral solvent systems. 

Dialkyl and diaryl dithiophosphoric acids are the bases of many high pressure lubricants, oil additives (see Lubrication and lubricants), and ore flotation chemicals (see Mineral recovery and processing). Organophosphoms insecticides such as Parathion are made by chlorination of the appropriate diaLkyl dithiophosphate and subsequent reaction of the intermediate dialkyl thiophosphoric chloride with sodium -nitrophenolate according to the following (see... 

Mildness nd Skin Additives. The increased frequency of bathing and the changing consumer need has necessitated the development of products having skin care benefits. In addition to the two most common additives, fatty acid and glycerol, there is a wealth of other additives which are frequendy used. Examples include lanolin, vitamin E, aloe vera gel, mineral oil, and baking soda. 

When additional lubricants, eg, mineral oil and butyl stearate, are added to PS, easy-flow materials are produced. Improved flow is usually achieved at the cost of lowering the heat-deformation temperature. Stiff-flow PS has a high molecular weight and a low volatile level and is useful for extmsion apphcations. Typical levels of residuals in PS grades are Hsted in Table 2. Differences in molecular weight distribution are illustrated in Figure 4. 

Paste Mixing. The active materials for both positive and negative plates are made from the identical base materials. Lead oxide, fibers, water, and a dilute solution of sulfuric acid are combined in an agitated batch mixer or reactor to form a pastelike mixture of lead sulfates, the normal, tribasic, and tetrabasic sulfates, plus PbO, water, and free lead. The positive and negative pastes differ only in additives to the base mixture. Organic expanders, barium sulfate [7727-43-7] BaSO carbon, and occasionally mineral oil are added to the negative paste. Red lead [1314-41 -6] or minium, Pb O, is sometimes added to the positive mix. The paste for both electrodes is characterized by cube weight or density, penetration, and raw plate density. 

Carbon dioxide is ordinarily dehydrated duriag the Hquefactioa cycle to preveat free2e-ups ia the coadeaser and flow valves ia the Hquid lines. Ia some cases brittie or cmmbly blocks of dry ice have beea formed. This difficulty has beea overcome either by varyiag the residual moisture coateat of the Hquid carboa dioxide, or by injecting minute quantities of colorless mineral oil or diethylene glycol iato the Hquid carboa dioxide entering the press. If the dry ice is to be used for edible purposes, the additive must meet FDA specificatioas. 

The formulation of calcium chelate materials is based upon the formation of a low-solubiUty chelate between calcium hydroxide and a sahcylate. Dycal utilizes the reaction product of a polyhydric compound and sahcyhc acid. Other sahcyhc acid esters can be similarly used. Vehicles used to carry the calcium hydroxide, extenders, and fillers may include mineral oil, A/-ethyl- -toluenesulfonamide [80-39-7] and polymeric fluids. The filler additions may include titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] zinc oxide, sihca [7631-86-9], calcium sulfate, and barium sulfate [7727-43-7]. Zinc oxide and barium sulfate are useflil as x-ray opacifying agents to ensure a density greater than that of normal tooth stmcture. Resins, rosin, limed rosins, and modified rosins may serve as modifiers of the physical characteristics in both the unset and set states. 

The concentration of acid impurities is an important indication of the quality of petroleum products and the purity of organic solvents, plasticizers, mineral oils, food fats, and polymers. Methods are used to detect organic acids in such compounds have many disadvantages the alkalimetry - low sensitivity, especially in the determination of weak acids, the extraction-photometric method is laborious, instmmental methods are expensive. In addition, most of methods are commonly unsuitable for direct analysis. 

---