And Dietary fatty acids

Uhnann, L., Blond, J.P., Maniongui, C., Poisson, J.-P., Durand, G., and Bezard, J. (1991) Effect of Age and Dietary Fatty Acids on Desaturase Activities and on Fatty Acid Composition of Liver Microsome Phosphohpids of Adult Rats, lipids 26,127-133. 

Hodge AM, English DR, O Dea K et al. Plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids as predictors of Type 2 diabetes interpreting the role of linoleic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 86 189-197. 

Raes, K., Fievez, V., Chow, T. T., Ansorena, D., Demeyer, D., De, S. S. (2004). Effect of diet and dietary fatty acids on the transformation and incorporation of C18 fatty acids in double-muscled Belgian Blue young bulls. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 52, 6035-6041. 

NANTON D A and CASTELL j D (1999) The effects of temperature and dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of harpacticoid copepods, for use as a live food for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture 175 167-181. 

Berthou, L, Saladin, R, Yaqoob, P, Branellec, D, Calder, P, Fruchart, J-C, Denefle, D, Auwerx, 1 and Staels, B (1995) Regulation of rat liver apolipoprotein A-1, apolipoprotein A-11 and acyl CoA oxidase gene expression by fibrates and dietary fatty acids. European Journal of Biochemistry, 232, 179-187. 

Dairy products (see Milk and milkproducts) have been staple items of the diet for many centuries, and have long been the target for imitation. The development of nutritional guidelines emphasizing the need to reduce total dietary fat, dietary cholesterol [57-88-5] C2yH4 0, and saturated fatty acids (see Fats and fatty oils Fat substitutes), has increased the interest in imitation dairy foods. However, with the exception of butter and cream the market penetration of dairy substitutes has been limited. 

Cj5 and Cj7 fatty acids are found particularly in the lipids of ruminants. Dietary odd-carbon fatty acids upon oxidation yield propionate (Chapter 22), which is a substrate for gluconeogenesis in human liver. 

O Farrell, S. (1994). Dietary fatty acids and tissue damage. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool. 

Unsaturated fatty acids are probably the most abundant oxidizable endogenous substrates. In the past it was erroneously believed that unsaturated fatty acids are just products of lipid peroxidation. Now, it has been shown that they have dietary origin. Family of unsaturated fatty acids includes linoleic (Ci8), arachidonic (C2o), docosahexaenoic (C22), and other fatty acids containing two, three, four, five, or six double bonds. Some acids can be in vivo converted into others for example, linoleic acid can be metabolized to linolenic and eicosa-trienoic acids [78]. 

FIGURE 3-7 Pathways for the interconversion of brain fatty acids. Palmitic acid (16 0) is the main end product of brain fatty acid synthesis. It may then be elongated, desaturated, and/or P-oxidized to form different long chain fatty acids. The monoenes (18 1 A7, 18 1 A9, 24 1 A15) are the main unsaturated fatty acids formed de novo by A9 desaturation and chain elongation. As shown, the very long chain fatty acids are a-oxidized to form a-hydroxy and odd numbered fatty acids. The polyunsaturated fatty acids are formed mainly from exogenous dietary fatty acids, such as linoleic (18 2, n-6) and a-linoleic (18 2, n-3) acids by chain elongation and desaturation at A5 and A6, as shown. A A4 desaturase has also been proposed, but its existence has been questioned. Instead, it has been shown that unsaturation at the A4 position is effected by retroconversion i.e. A6 unsaturation in the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by one cycle of P-oxidation (-C2) in peroxisomes [11], This is illustrated in the biosynthesis of DHA (22 6, n-3) above. In severe essential fatty acid deficiency, the abnormal polyenes, such as 20 3, n-9 are also synthesized de novo to substitute for the normal polyunsaturated acids. 

Excessive dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids leads to decreased hepatic clearance of LDL and deposition of LDL and oxidized LDL in peripheral tissues. 

Most of our fat intake will consist of fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, but not all dietary fatty acids nor all those synthesized in the liver are saturated. A variable, but probably not inconsiderable, proportion of dietary fatty acids are unsaturated, partly perhaps because a high intake of unsaturated fat is recommended to help reduce the risk for diseases of the heart and vascular system. Unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids pose particular chemical problems to the 3-oxidation pathway and additional enzymes are required for their metabolism. 

However, similar changes in hpid conposition are possible using a variety of other cell types (Bums and Wagner, 1993) such as an adenocarcinoma (Awad and Specter, 1976), and hepatoma (Wood et al, 1975). The dietary fatty acid modification is not limited to tumor cells, since many tissues of the host are affected (Bums et al., 1983). However, different tissues are modified to varying extents, and because of this it will likely be possible to develop protocols that provide therapeuhc selechvity by producing greater or lesser enrichment of the neoplashc cells with a particular type of fatty acid as compared to normal tissues. We have also demonstrated that L1210 leukemia cells that were fatty acid modified in vivo and then placed into tissue culture maintain their experimentally-induced fatty acid composition for up to 4 days (Bums et al, 1980). Therefore, this is a versahle model. 

Jumpsen J, Lien EL, Goh YK, Clandinin MT. 1997. Small changes of dietary (n-6) and (n-3)/fatty acid content ration alter phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition during development of neuronal and glial cells in rats. J Nutr 127 724-731. 

The fatty acid content of our diet has important consequences for health. Several fatty acid are essential dietary components. In general, saturated and trans fatty acids are inimical to good health. In contrast, omega-3 fatty acids are favorable to good health. 

Harbige, L. S., and Fisher, B. A. (2001). Dietary fatty acid modulation of mucosaUy-induced tolerogenic immune responses. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 60,449 56. 

Blood pressure effect. Fruit juice, administered intravenously hy infusion to dogs at a dose of 3 mL/minute for 100 minutes, was active. Initial effect was a decrease in hlood pressure . Oil, administered to male weanling rats at a dose of 10% of diet for 5 weeks, produced significantly higher hlood pressure than other groups. Systolic hlood pressure was found related to the dietary intakes of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Prenatal exposure of the rats to a maternal low-protein diet abolished the hypertensive effect of the coconut oil dieH . Butyryl cholinesterase activity. Oil was administered to rats at different doses with or without clofibrate for 15 days. The hypolipidemic action of clofibrate was not... 

De Schrijver, R. and O. S. Privett. Hepatic fatty acids and acyl desaturases in rats effects of dietary carbohydrate and essential fatty acids. J Nutr 1983 113(ll) 2217-2222. 

Mohamed, A. I., A. S. Hussein, S. J. Bhathena, and Y. S. Hafez. The effect of dietary menhaden, olive, and coconut oil fed with three levels of vitamin E on plasma and liver lipids and plasma fatty acid composition in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002 13(7) 435-441. Kawano, K., S. Qin S, C. Vieu, X. Collet, and X. C. Jiang. Role of hepatic lipase and scavenger receptor BI in clearing phospholipid/free cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in PLTP-deficient... 

CN177 Wallace, F. A., E. A. Miles, and P. C. Calder. Activation state alters the effect of dietary fatty acids on pro-inflammatory mediator production by murine macrophages. Cytokine 2000 12(9) 1374-1379. 

CN198 Prieto, R. M., W. Stremmel, C. Sales, and J. A. Tur. Effect of dietary fatty acids on jejunal and ileal oleic acid uptake by rat brush border membrane vesicles. Eur J Med Res 1996 1(7) 355-360. 

F. Belch, and R. D. Sturrock. The therapeutic affects of dietary fatty acid supplementation in the autoimmune disease of the MRL-MP-IPR mouse. 

Hunter, J. E., Zhang, J., and Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2009). Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids A systematic review. Am.. Clin. Nutr. 91(1), 46-63. 

Humans produce about 1 gram of cholesterol daily in the liver. Dietary cholesterol is consumed through food. High cholesterol foods are associated with saturated fats and trans-fatty acids (commonly called trans fats). Dietary cholesterol comes from animal products (plants contain minute amounts of cholesterol) such as meats and dairy products. Table 26.1 shows the amount of cholesterol in common foods. 

Sea animals are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with low caloric value. Polysaccharides from marine animals have been reported to possess biological activities with potential medicinal values in addition to their current status as a source of dietary fibers and prebiotics. Moreover, they have a lot of dietary fiber, which lowers blood cholesterol, and iodine, which improves metabolism, vascular and cardiac action, body temperature, and perspiration regulation, and are effective in... 

The carcinogenicity of af la toxin is reduced by protein deficiency, presumably because of reduced metabolic activation to the epoxide intermediate, which may be the ultimate carcinogen, which binds to DNA (Fig. 5.14). A deficiency in dietary fatty acids also decreases the activity of the microsomal enzymes. Thus, ethylmorphine, hexobarbital, and aniline metabolism are decreased, possibly because lipid is required for cytochromes P-450. Thus, a deficiency of essential fatty acids leads to a decline in both cytochromes P-450 levels and activity in vivo. 

FIGURE 17-1 Processing of dietary lipids in vertebrates Digestion and absorption of dietary lipids occur in the small intestine, and the fatty acids released from triacylglycerols are packaged and delivered to muscle and adipose tissues. The eight steps are discussed in the text. 

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