Dispersants organic

Bioflocculation The clumping together of fine, dispersed organic particles by the action of certain bacteria and algae. 

The analysis of geochemical liquids such as crude oils, hydrothermal bitumens, extracts of coals, and host rocks containing dispersed organic matter or pyrolysates... 

Wide applicability (gas, liquid, solid, slurries, dispersions organic, inorganic)... 

Chin, Y.-R, Weber, Jr., W.J. (1989) Estimating the effects of dispersed organic polymers on the sorption contaminants by natural solid, 1. A predictive thermodynamic humic substance-organic solute interaction model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 978-984. 

Since sorption is primarily a surface phenomenon, its activity is a direct function of the surface area of the solid as well as the electrical forces active on that surface. Most organic chemicals are nonionic and therefore associate more readily with organic rather than with mineral particles in soils. Dispersed organic carbon found in soils has a very high surface-to-volume ratio. A small percentage of organic carbon can have a larger adsorptive capacity than the total of the mineral components. 

The overall mass transport coefficient for mass transport from the dispersed organic phase into the continuous aqueous phase was then calculated according to the Calderbank equation (Eq. 4) ... 

In order to estimate the specific surface area of the dispersed organic droplets, the mean droplet size (Sauter diameter 32) has to be determined, which can be calculated according to the Okufi equation (Eq. 5) ... 

Grotek, I. 2005. Variability of coalification degree of the dispersed organic matter in the Carboniferous deposits along the margin of the East European Platform. Polish Geological Institute Bulletin, 413, 5-80. 

The purpose of the present paper is to review the results of the oxygen absorption enhancement in the presence of a second, dispersed organic phase and to analyze the effect of enhancement on the bulk oxygen concentration, and its effect on fermentation processes. 

Oxygen Absorption Rate - The Effect of a Dispersed Organic Phase... 

In order to estimate the real effect of a dispersed organic phase on the productivity of fermentation, the oxygen absorption rate has to be defined. Knowing its mathematical expression, the rate equation can then be incorporated into the differential mass balance equations of fermentation and, after solving these equations, the concentration of components in a fermentation... 

Several researchers have measured the absorption rate at the presence of dispersed organic phase [1,17-18,37,39,49,51-53]. Bruining et al. [37] measured the oxygen absorption in stirred vessels with plane interface in the presence of small amounts of decane, hexadecane, c = 0.01 - 0.1 while van Ede et al. [49] applied octene as a dispersed phase. Littel et al.[39] used carbon dioxide for absorption in dispersion of toluene droplets with c = 0 - 0.4. The theoretical data in the literature were mostly verified by the experimental results of the above... 

As previously discussed, the oxygen absorption rate can essentially be increased using a dispersed organic phase with higher solubility and/or diffusivity. The... 

During fermentation, the enhanced absorption rate of oxygen increases the bulk concentration and, as a consequence, the production rate of cells can be increased as well. To predict this effect, the enhanced transfer rate has to be incorporated into the differential mass balance equations of fermentation processes studied. If you know the mathematical expression of the biochemical reactions and their dependence on oxygen concentration as well as the enhanced absorption rates due to the dispersed organic phase,you can calculate the fermentation exactly after solving the equation system obtained. 

The Kq saturation coefficient of oxygen in the Monod-type kinetic equation is an important parameter, too. Its value strongly influences the specific growth rate, especially when the value of oxygen concentration is of the same order of magnitude as or lower than the Kq value. Its effect is illustrated in Fig. 10 in the presence of a dispersed organic phase, e = 0.2. The increasing value of Kq (Kq was chosen to be equal to 0.64 x 10 0.16 x 10 and 0.016 x 10 kg m ) has a... 

Many reviews and several books [61,62] have appeared on the theoretical and experimental aspects of the continuous, stirred tank reactor - the so-called chemostat. Properties of the chemostat are not discussed here. The concentrations of the reagents and products can not be calculated by the algebraic equations obtained for steady-state conditions, when ji = D (the left-hand sides of Eqs. 27-29 are equal to zero), because of the double-substrate-limitation model (Eq. 26) used. These values were obtained from the time course of the concentrations obtained by simulation of the fermentation. It was assumed that the dispersed organic phase remains in the reactor and the dispersed phase holdup does not change during the process. The inlet liquid phase does not contain either organic phase or biomass. 

Fig. 12. Simulation of chemostat wiAout (curves 1) and with (e = 0.2, thus, E = 2.9 if M = 0) dispersed organic phase (curves 2 D = 0.2 h )...

Mehl, W., and N. E. Wolff Photoconductivity in dispersed organic systems. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 25, 2121 (1964). 

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