Analysis and evaluation

A number of factors are important to consider when analyzing, evaluating, or rating a CDO. The basic ones are discussed in this section. 

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Analysis and Evaluation of Operational Data—1993 Annual Report Reactors, NUREG-1272, Vol. 8, No. 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1994. 

Gas entrained in the fluid and the flexibiflty of the pipe wall both result in lowering of the wave speed. For deaerated water, the wave speed is about 1250 m/s. Detailed methods of analysis and evaluation of hydraulic transients may be found in the flterature (25). 

Deciding among a number of process options having inherent safety advantages and disadvantages with respect to different hazards can be quite difficult. The first step is to understand thoroughly all hazards associated with the process options. Process hazard analysis and evaluation techniques are appropriate tools (CCPS, 1992). These include ... 

The assembly process (Figure 10-1) brings together all of the assessment tasks to provide the risk, its significance, how it was found, its sensitivity to uncertainties, confidence limits, and how it may be reduced by system improvements. Not all PSAs use fault trees and event trees. This is especially true of chemical PSAs that may rely on HAZOP or FMEA/FMECAs. Nevertheless the objectives are the same accident identification, analysis and evaluation. Figure 10-1 assumes fault tree and event tree techniques which should be replaced by the equivalent methods that are used. 

All protocol-required data are recorded at the trial site on Case Report Forms (CRFs), which may be in either electronic or hard-copy format. Data for individual subjects are recorded on separate CRFs. The CRFs are used to transfer trial data to the sponsor for analysis and evaluation. 

USDA (2001) Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-cut Produce. US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, September 30, 2001. www.cfsan.fda.gov... 

A reliable economic analysis and evaluation of measures, especially for innovative measures with only a short-term practical experience, is required, since the cost of the water is an issue of major importance. With regard to the system, a better definition of water services is needed in order to evaluate recovery costs of water uses and environmental costs. 

Process synthesis is a task of formulating the process configuration for a purpose by defining which operations or equipment are used and how they are connected together. There are two basic approaches for process synthesis 1) classical process synthesis, analysis and evaluation, and 2) optimization of process structure by using a suitable objective function. 

Seider, W. D., Seader, J.D., Lewin, D.R. (2004) Product and Process Design Principles, Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation, 2nd edition, Wiley. 

A thorough analysis and evaluation of different fuel cycles with regard to economics, environmental impacts, nuclear waste management and proliferation risk is given by the MIT (2003). 

Kruseman, G. P. and DeRidder, N. A., 1979, Analysis and Evaluation of Pumping Test Data. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Bull. 11, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 200 pp. 

Thorough analysis and evaluation of membrane morphology is mandatory for the understanding of transport phenomena in membranes, and es pecially for those with rather complex structures, as described in the present manuscript. Each single membrane can be viewed perhaps as a "black box" when operating in a certain well-defined system. Yet, any deduction on transport mechanism that is based solely on transport data is highly speculative. For example, the presence of a double skin, macrovoids, the densifica-tion of the nodular layer, and other items described herein cannot be predicted by the analysis of transport data. But they can be identified, and can be very supportive to "whoever dares to look into the black box."... 

OECD. 2000. Guidance notes for analysis and evaluation of repeat-dose toxicity studies. OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No. 32. Environment Directorate, Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. ENV/JM/MONO(2000)18. Paris OECD. 

In the Guidance Notes for Analysis and Evaluation of Repeat-Dose Toxicity Studies (OECD 2000b), OECD provides standard values for body weight, daily feed intake, and conversion factors which allow the conversion of the concentration of a substance in the feed, expressed as ppm or mg/kg, into a dose, expressed as mg/kg body weight per day. These values originally derive from Lehrman (1954 - cited in WHO/IPCS 1987) and have previously been published by the WHO (WHO/IPCS 1987). 

The problem solving process starts with the identification of subjects for improvement. Such subjects are then placed in order of priority. The causes of the problem are identified and analyzed and then, data are collected for analysis and evaluation. Various solutions are assessed and the optimal one is selected. 

Broadly speaking, there are two areas where improvement might be possible. Eirst, there is the input side of the ADE report that is provided by the prescribing physician, and second, there is the output - the analysis and evaluation of the report. 

Assuming that the quality of the input is maximal then improving the output will be dependent upon the analysis and evaluation of the data. Because the spontaneous report alone will seldom, if ever, contain sufficient information to determine causality satisfactorily, it is usually necessary to seek additional data which may be available from hospital records, laboratory investigations or post-mortem reports. It is highly desirable that comparable methods and formats of reporting should be used as widely as possible, particularly if international comparisons are to be made. A major benefit of formalised systems of causality assessment, which will be considered in greater detail later in this chapter, is the element of standardisation that is brought to the process of interpretation. 

Seider, W D., J. D. Seader, and D. R. Lewin. 1991. Process Design Principles Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation. New York WUey. 

Taylor, S. L., Hefle, S. L., Farnum, K., Rizk, S. W., Yeung, J., Barnett, M. E., Busta, F., Shank, F. R., Newsome, R., Davis, S., and Bryant, C. M. (2006). Analysis and evaluation of the current manufacturing and labeling practices used by food manufacturers to address allergen concerns. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety 5,138-157. 

A uniform approach to trace the analysis and evaluation of electrode kinetics of the Cd(II)/Cd(Hg) system with fast Fourier transform electrochemical instrumentation was presented by Schiewe et al. [34]. 

Phase 2 Business initiation. 3.000 are being charged for individual analysis and evaluation at which the Ministry of Life bears halfof the amount (support fund). If user decides FOR the implementation of chemical leasing, all costs at this phase will be ceased to apply. 

USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation. 1983B. Personal communication. Rosemont, 111. 

J.W. Harrison, Comparative Evaluation of Trace Gas Technology Analysis and Evaluation of Instrumental Methods (1973) (AD 777968)... 

Subject the resultant data to statistical analysis and evaluation. 

Reif, O. W., Solkner, P., Rupp, J. Analysis and evaluation of filter cartridge extractables for validation in pharmaceutical downstream processing. J Pharm Sci Tech 50 399-410 (1996). 

To satisfy specific needs with regard to the type of petroleum to be processed, as well as to the nature of the product, most refiners have, through time, developed their own methods of petroleum analysis and evaluation. However, such methods are considered proprietary and are not normally available. Consequently, various standards organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 1995) in North America and the Institute of Petroleum in Britain (IP, 1997), have devoted considerable time and effort to the correlation and standardization of methods for the inspection and evaluation of petroleum and petroleum products. A complete discussion of the large number of routine tests available for petroleum fills entire books (ASTM, 1995). However, it seems appropriate that in any discussion of the physical properties of petroleum and petroleum products reference should be made to the corresponding test, and accordingly, the various test numbers have been included in the text. 

Seider WD, Seader JD, Lewin DR. Process Design Principles, Synthesis, Analysis and Evaluation New York Wiley, 1999. 

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