Innovation, measure

A reliable economic analysis and evaluation of measures, especially for innovative measures with only a short-term practical experience, is required, since the cost of the water is an issue of major importance. With regard to the system, a better definition of water services is needed in order to evaluate recovery costs of water uses and environmental costs. 

From pairing two-phases of gas, liquid and solid, nine different pairs can be obtained, which include three homo-pairs of gas-gas, Uquid-liquid and solid-solid pairs. The gas-gas interface, however, is practically no use under the ordinary conditions. Among the interfaces produced by the pairing, the liquid-liquid interface is most slippery and difficult to be studied experimentally in comparison with the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, as the liquid-liquid interface is flexible, thin and buried between bulk liquid phases. Therefore, in order to study the liquid-liquid interface, the invention of innovative measurement methods has a primary importance. 

Cap Gemini Ernst Young Center for Business Innovation, Measures That Matter study. Survey of 300 sell-side analysts, 275 buy-side analysts, as well as interviews with portfolio managers. Summaries of these studies are available at http //www.cbi.cgey.com/. 

The ability to engineer desired functions into particles is perhaps the ultimate achievement of the catalyst designer. In many cases, direct and obvious procedures are sufficient in others, more subtle and innovative measures are called for. Although catalyst designs tend to evolve slowly as process experience accumulates, anticipating future problems will decrease development time. 

The intent of this chapter is to survey some of the more innovative measurement and control instrumentation and systems available as well as to review the more traditional measurement, control and information analysis technologies currently in use. 

Dr. Xin Liu received his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Wuhan University (2002), China, and thereafter worked for Professor Lu at the College of Life Science as a postdoctoral fellow, innovating measurement approaches for plant hormone regulation. In 2004, he continued his postdoctoral research at York University, Canada, focusing on hiomolecular interactions. He worked as an NSERC visiting fellow at the Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada in 2005-2008. His research interests focus on MS-hased proteomics and glycomics. 

Our findings provide the first glimpse of the differences between private and social rates of return from investments in new technology. In general, social rates of return seem to exceed private rates of return, although this is not always the case. Specifically, the median social rate of return is about double the median private rate of return in our seunple, emd the social rate of return from the major firm s investment in new process technology in 1960-1972 seemed to be at least double the private rate of return. When we look at specific innovations, the difference between the social and private rate of return seems to be related to the economic Importemce of the innovation (measured by absolute annual benefits) and to the costs of imitating the innovation. These results are quite consistent with hypotheses put forth by economic theorists ( ). 

As shown in Figure 5.16, Coperion was able to combine this performance increase with other innovative measures in order to achieve high outputs in a great many different processes while at the same time maintaining, or even increasing, reliability in operation [8]. 

At some stage, however, it would be necessary to conduct heat transfer measurements, since it is doubtful if heat transfer correlations for axial flow reactors can be extrapolated to this case. Here then is an ideal opportunity for innovative measurement and modelling, which could help to lead us into new technology. 

The user inspectorate must fulfil the same technical criteria as the notified body. In addition, it must be organisationally identifiable and demonstrate its impartiality. It must not engage in any activities that might conflict with its independence of judgement and integrity. Given that the authorisation of user inspectorates to carry out conformity assessment is an innovation for technical harmonisation at Union level, the Commission shall monitor the application of this measure and evaluate its effects three years after the coming into force of the directive. 

Laser-based profilometry systems have also been applied for nondestructive testing and measurement of both smooth-bore and rifled gun tubes. Working through Small Business Innovation Research program, the U.S. Army has developed laser-based profilometry systems for the inspection of the 120mm cannon used on the MI-Al Abrams main battle tank. Systems have also been built to measure the erosion of 25 mm and 155 mm rifled gun tubes. 

Operation and Control. Control of a chromium phosphate conversion coating bath requires monitoring chromium and aluminum concentrations, active fluoride level, and temperature. Coating weight is very sensitive to active, ie, uncomplexed, fluoride. An innovative electrochemical method using a siHcon electrode (25) is employed for measuring active fluoride. A special precaution in chromium phosphate bath operation is the... 

Answers to the first question can be illustrated by giving some examples (see Table 1). Eastman Chemical reengineered its innovation process and doubled the value of its R D portfoho (71—74). A team at Eastman was asked to provide (/) an assessment of the then-current innovation process, (2) a vision of the ideal process, (J) a flow chart of the modified process, (4) measures of the process, and (5) key roles and responsibihties. The team identified four main subprocesses needs identification, concept development, implementation, and market development. 

The detailed analysis, involving many respondents inside and outside the company, led to changes in the overall innovation process, ie, a company-wide priority system for innovation projects, measures of innovation for each functional and business area, training and supportive management systems for project managers, informal multifunctional teams in concept development and market development, a stmctured needs identification process, and appointment of a process steward to monitor the innovation process, measure how it functions, and coordinate innovation projects. 

What is really important about the events of 1934 and 1949 is that on each occasion, theoretical innovation was driven directly by a massive mismatch between measurement and old theory. The implications of this are examined in Chapter 5. 

Assure proper performance of measures once specified and installed thereby assuring that energy and environmental benefits to energy codes are realized by building owners and occupants, and Improve enforcement through partnerships and support of innovative enforcement practices by local governments. 

Prediction of the useful life, or the remaining life, of coatings from physical or analytical measurements presents many problems in data analysis and interpretation. Two important considerations are that data must be taken over a long period of time, and the scatter from typical paint tests is large. These considerations require innovative application of statistical techniques to provide adequate prediction of the response variables of interest. 

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