Ammonium, tetrabutyl tetramethyl

Guanidinium- Piperidi- nium- Tetramethyl- ammonium- Tetraathyl- ammonium- Tetrapropyl- ammonium- Tetrabutyl- ammonium- Tributyl- ammonium- ... 

The following chemicals were used as received (from Aldrich unless otherwise noted) 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone, 2,5-dichloro-p-phenylenediamine, 2,6-diamino-5-nitropyrimidine, 2,3,5,6-tetra-methyl phenylenediamine, 2,6-diamino-8-purinol hemisulfate monohydrate, adenine (Chemalog Chemical Dynamics Corp.), 1,9-diamino-nonane, 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl sulfon (Fluka AG), 4,4 -methylene-dianiline, tetraphenyl phosphonium iodide, tetrabutyl ammonium iodide, tetramethyl ammonium bromide, dibenzo-l8-crown-6, 15-crown-5, triphenylantimony dichloride and triethylamine (Eastman Kodak Co.). 

The phase transfer catalyzed alkylation reaction of dodecyl phenyl glycidyl ether (DPGE) with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was studied as a mechanistic model for the general PTC reaction with cellulose ethers. In this way, the most effective phase transfer catalysts and optimum reaction concentrations could be identified. As a model cellulose ether, CELLOSIZE HEC11 was chosen, and the phase transfer catalysts chosen for evaluation were aqueous solutions of choline hydroxide, tetramethyl-, tetrabutyl-, tetrahexyl-, and benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxides. The molar A/HEC ratio (molar ratio of alkali to HEC) used was 0.50, the diluent to HEC (D/HEC) weight ratio was 7.4, and the reaction diluent was aqueous /-butyl alcohol. Because some of the quaternary ammonium hydroxide charges would be accompanied by large additions of water, the initial water content of the diluent was adjusted so that the final diluent composition would be about 14.4% water in /-butyl alcohol. The results of these experiments are summarized in Table 2. 

For iodides, the order of efficiency is tetrabutyl > tetraethyl > tetramethyl 56 A rise in the catalytic effect of initiator is observed for alkali salts and for ammonium salts with increasing diameter of the cation, hence with growing distance between charge centres. This is in agreement with an increase of the electropositivity of cations and the increasing ability of salts to dissociate 54), Despite of this, the remarkable efficiency of lithium salts in curing of epoxy resins 58) or in copolymerization reactions 411 was confirmed in some papers. 

Quaternary amines tetramethyl, tetrabutyl, palmityltrimethyl-ammonium salts, usually in chloride or phosphate forms... 

Double exchange with the bulky ammonium cations is simply carried out in alcoholic solution. The tetramethyl- and tetraethylammonium salts are insoluble in THF, while salts of larger cations, such as tetrabutyl- and benzyl-trimethylammonium and /J-nitrido-bis(triphenylphosphorus)(l+), are soluble. All these salts are soluble in acetone and acetonitrile. 

The work of Fuoss and Kraus and their collaborators and of others has shown that equation (106) is obeyed in a satisfactory manner by a number of electrolytes, both salts and acids, in solvents of low dielectric constant. The results of plotting the values of F(x)/A against Kcf F x) for solutions of tetramethyl- and tetrabutyl-ammonium picrates in ethylene chloride are shown in Fig. 57 the intercepts are 0.013549 and 0.17421, and the slopes of the straight lines are 5.638 and 1.3337, re-... 

CHCl3 acetone (2 1). (b) ESI mass spectrum ofthe same solution after addition of 1 eq. of a tetramethyl ammonium (TMA) salt, (c) Distribution of clusters with tetrabutyl ammonium (TBA) as the guest cation, (d) ESI mass spectrum ofthe hexamer encapsulating Ru(bpy)3 +. The experimental and calculated isotope patterns nicely match. 

Figure 15. Ion difiusion coefficients in macroporous sulfonated cation exchange resins (1) Tetramethyl (2) tetraethyl (3) tetrabutyl ammonium ions.

Tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate, and tetramethyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate. 

TBACl tetrabutyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Aldrich TBACI-S tetrabutyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem MTBCl methyltributyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem TMCl tetramethyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem ° TBABr tetrabut ammonium bromide manufactured by Sachem... 

Benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide Cetrimonium bromide Dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride Laurtrimonium bromide Laurtrimonium chloride Methyl tributyl ammonium chloride Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride Tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate Tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide Tetrabutyl ammonium iodide Tetrabutylphosphonium acetate, monoacetic acid Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide Tetrabutylphosphonium chloride Tetraethylammonium bromide Tetraethylammonium hydroxide Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride Tetramethylammonium bromide Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium hydroxide Tetramethyl ammonium iodide Tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide Tetrapropyl ammonium bromide Tetrapropyl ammonium iodide Tributylamine Tributyl phosphine Tributyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride Trioctyl (octadecyl) phosphonium iodide catalyst, phase-transfer Tetraethylammonium chloride Tetraoctylphosphonium bromide Tri-n-butyl methyl ammonium chloride Tri methyl phenyl ammonium hydroxide catalyst, phenolics Triethylamine... 

Cationic surfactants = (def) Quaternary ammonium compounds that are major components in industrial and commercial formulations such as cosmetics, textile softeners, and pharmaceuticals (e.g., tetramethyl, tetrapropyl, tetrabutyl, dodecyl, cetyltrimethyl, and myristyltrimethylammonium). Chlorinated hydrocarbons = (def) (1) Chemicals containing only chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen. These include a class of persistent, broad-spectrum insecticides that linger in the environment and accumulate in the food chain. Among them are DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, lindane, endrin, Mirex, hexachloride, and toxap-hene. Other examples include TCE, used as an industrial solvent. (2) Any chlorinated organic compound including chlorinated solvents such as dichloromethane, trichloromethylene, chloroform. 

Figure 5.3 Water content of (a) Nafion 117, (b) Flemion F-1.44 and (c) Flemion F-1.8 membranes of various ionic forms. Abbreviations used for alkyl ammonium ions are TMA, TEA, TPrA, TBA for tetramethyl, tetraethyl, tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl ammonium ions, respectively (Reprinted with permission from Asaka, K., Fujiwara, N., Oguro, K. et al. State of water and ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte membranes in relation to polymer actuators, J. Electroanalytical Chem., 505 (1 2), 24-32. Copyright (2001) Elsevier).

Benrraou et al. (2003) studied the interaction between nonionic polymers and anionic surfactants. The polymers used were poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and the surfactants used were cesium and tetraalkylammonium (tetramethyl to tetrabutyl ammonium) dodecylsulfates. They used the electrical conductivity method to determine the CAC for different polymer-surfactant combinations. They concluded that the value of the ratio CAC/CMC increases with the increase in the radius of the counterion. Thus, the strength of interaction decreases upon increasing the counterion radius. The sequence in which the ratio CAC/CMC varied is as follows Na < Cs+ < tetramethylammonium+ < tetraethylammonium+ = tetrapropylammonium+ = tetrabutylam-monium+ = 1.0. The ratio CAC/CMC is unity in the case of the last three large-size ions indicating the absence of any interaction. For small ions such as Na+, the CAC/CMC ratio is less than unity indicating significant interaction. 

Tetrabutyl Tetraphenyl Tetramethyl Ammonium Phosphonium Ammonium Iodide Iodide Bromide... 

The electrolysis was stopped after a 7.5% solution of tetrabutyl-ammonium hydroxide had been obtained in the cathode compartment. The yield of the compound amounted to 96-99% and the current 3deld to 15%. The current density did not exceed 3 A/dm, and the temperature of the solution amounted to 25-30 C. Hydrogen was formed at the steel cathode, and iodine was liberated at the graphite anode, which was immersed in 2% sulfuric acid solution. The authors showed that tetramethyl- and tetraethylammonium hydroxides, and also butylhexylamine hydroxide, can be obtained by a similar method. 

CH3CN/H20,0.01 M in ammonia, also containing 0.01 M tetramethyl- or tetraethyl-ammonium hydroxide Gradient A = H2O, B=CH3CN, each 0.0005 M in tetrabutyl-ammonium borate 15% B to 60% B in 10 or 15 min 85 15 MeOH/HjO, 1.0Min NaC104, pH adjusted to 2.5 with H3PO4... 

Challinor [29] has developed a method involving simultaneous pyrolysis-alkylation-GC and applied it to the characterisation of a range of polyesters, phenolic resins and polymer additives. The technique gives additional information about the composition of carboxylic acids, alcohols and substituted phenolic compounds in the pyrolysis products of these polymer types. The procedure involves methylation or butylation, using tetramethyl- or tetrabutyl-ammonium hydroxide, in the pyrolysis zone of the pyrolyser with analysis by flame ionisation GC or GC-MS. The advantages are greater structural information, minimal sample manipulation and increased sensitivity. 

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