Ammonium chloride manufacturing

Manufacture. The history of ammonium chloride manufacture is linked to the birth of the soda and synthetic ammonia iadustries. Consequendy this haUde has always been a by-product ia great supply. Production by direct reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid is simple but usually economically unattractive a process based on metathesis or double decomposition is generally preferred. 

Direct Meutra.liza.tion, Because of the avadabiHty of by-product ammonium salts, the double decomposition routes are usually more favorable economically for ammonium chloride manufacture. However, where surplus hydrogen chloride is available, the direct neutralisation process has been used (15)... 

TBACl tetrabutyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Aldrich TBACI-S tetrabutyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem MTBCl methyltributyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem TMCl tetramethyl ammonium chloride manufactured by Sachem ° TBABr tetrabut ammonium bromide manufactured by Sachem... 

CH2=CHC = CCH = CH2. a colourless liquid which turns yellow on exposure to the air it has a distinct garlic-like odour b.p. 83-5°C. Manufactured by the controlled, low-temperature polymerization of acetylene in the presence of an aqueous solution of copper(I) and ammonium chlorides. It is very dangerous to handle, as it absorbs oxygen from the air to give an explosive peroxide. When heated in an inert atmosphere, it polymerizes to form first a drying oil and finally a hard, brittle insoluble resin. Reacts with chlorine to give a mixture of chlorinated products used as drying oils and plastics. 

Uses of hydrogen chloride—Hydrogen chloride is sometimes used in the preparation of an ester, for example ethyl benzoate, where it acts as both an acid catalyst and a dehydrating agent. Hydrochloric acid is used primarily to produce chlorides, for example ammonium chloride. It is extensively used in the manufacture of anilme dyes, and for cleaning iron before galvanising and tin-plating. 

Other Reactions. The reaction of Thydioxybenzaldehyde with sodium cyanide and ammonium chloride, Strecker synthesis, yields /J-hydroxyphenylglycine [938-97-6] a key intermediate in the manufacture of semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins (see Antibiotics, p-LACTAMs). 

Ammonium Perchlorate. The commercial AP product is manufactured by the double-exchange reaction of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride (102,103). 

A.mmonia-Soda Process. Ammonium chloride is made as a by-product of the classic Solvay process, used to manufacture sodium carbonate (12,13) (see Alkali and chlorine products, sodium carbonate). The method iuvolves reaction of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and sodium chloride ia water... 

Sodium bicarbonate precipitates from solution and is recovered by filtration. Ammonium chloride is then crystallised from the filtrate, separated, washed, and dried. The exact proportion of ammonium chloride recovered depends on the relative demands for sodium carbonate and ammonium chloride. If economic conditions requite, part of the ammonia can be recovered and returned to the hrine-ammoniation step by distillation of the ammonium chloride solution ia the presence of lime. The spent calcium chloride Hquor, a final product ia manufacture of sodium carbonate by the ammonia—soda process, can also be used to obtain ammonium chloride. This Hquor is treated with ammonia and carbon dioxide... 

Ammonium chloride has a number of iadustrial uses, most importantiy ia the manufacture of dry-ceU batteries, where it serves as an electrolyte. It is also used to make quarryiag explosives, as a hardener for formaldehyde-based adhesives, as a flame suppressant, and ia etching solutions ia the manufacture of ptinted circuit boards. Other appHcations iaclude use as a component of fluxes ia ziac and tin plating, and for electrolytic refining of ziac. 

Manufacture. Historically, ammonium nitrate was manufactured by a double decomposition method using sodium nitrate and either ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride. Modem commercial processes, however, rely almost exclusively on the neutralization of nitric acid (qv), produced from ammonia through catalyzed oxidation, with ammonia. Manufacturers commonly use onsite ammonia although some ammonium nitrate is made from purchased ammonia. SoHd product used as fertilizer has been the predominant form produced. However, sale of ammonium nitrate as a component in urea—ammonium nitrate Hquid fertilizer has grown to where about half the ammonium nitrate produced is actually marketed as a solution. 

The manufacture of the cyclohexyl analog is as follows. Phenyl magnesium bromide was prepared from 48.5 g (0.308 mol) of bromobenzene, 7 g (0,29 mol) of magnesium, and 125 ml of dry ether. To it was added at 5°C over a period of A hour 40 g (0.18 mol) of cyclohexyl (3-(N-piperidyl)-ethyl ketone (BP 115° to 117°C/1 mm) in 125 ml of dry ether. The mixture was allowed slowly to come to room temperature, refluxed for one hour, and then poured into ice containing 80 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Ammonium chloride (100 g) and 200 ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide were added and the organic layer was separated. After drying and removing the solvent, the residue was distilled under reduced pressure. The base distilled at 158° to 170°C (1 mm) and solidified. Upon recrystallization from methanol it melted at 112° to 113°C. 

E. Matthijs, P. Gerike, H. Klotz, J.G.A. Kooijman, H.G. Karber and J. Waters, Removal and Mass Balance of the Cationic Fabric Softener Di(Hydrogenated)Tallow Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride in Activated Sludge Sewage Treatment Plants European Association of Surfactant Manufacturers (AIS/CESIO), Brussels, Belgium, 1992. 

Sodium carbonate (Na CO ) is the eleventh most used industrial chemical in the United States. It is commonly used as a bleaching agent and is manufactured in a two-step process. First, ammonia is combined with carbon dioxide to form sodium chloride and water, which reacts to form sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride (NH + CO + NaCl + H O —> NaHCOj + NH Cl). Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is used as a leavening agent in baking, as an antacid to relieve stomach acid, and as a component for fire extinguishers. The second step is known as the Solvay process, wherein the sodium bicarbonate is heated and converted into sodium carbonate (NaHCO A— Na CO + H O + CO ). 

Ammonium chloride is produced as a by-product in the Solvay process for manufacture of sodium carbonate ... 

Anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas is used to produce phosphonium chloride, PH4CI, which is a flame retardant for cotton textiles. Other major apphcations include manufacture of a number of high purity metal chlorides, ammonium chloride, chlorosulfuric acid recovery of waste metals preparation of alkyl chlorides and chloroacetic acids and as a chlorinating agent in organic syntheses. 

Uses.—Ammonium chloride is used in pharmacy in certain galvanic batteries and in the preparation of ammonia and ammonium salts. It is used in the manufacture of colours in cotton printing in tin plating in galvanizing and in soldering. 

According to the U.S. Standards ammonium nitrate for production of military explosives should contain 99.0% of NH4N03, no more than 0.02% free nitric acid, 0.18% of water-insoluble material, 0.50% of ammonium sulphate and 0.5% of ammonium chloride. The product should be free from alkalis and metal nitrates. A substance of similar purity is used for the manufacture of mining explosives. 

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