Amination Emulsion stabilizers

Indulin(8i [Westvaco] Kraft lignin or amine derivs. stabilizer, dispersant, adsorbent, emulsifier, retarding agent, antistrippbig active for asphalt emulsions, cements. 

Petroleum and Goal. The alkanolamines have found wide use in the petroleum industry. The ethanolamines are used as lubricants and stabilizers in drilling muds. Reaction products of the ethanolamines and fatty acids are used as emulsion stabilizers, chemical washes, and bore cleaners (168). Oil recovery has been enhanced through the use of ethanolamine petroleum sulfonates (169—174). Oil—water emulsions pumped from weUs have been demulsifted through the addition of triethano1 amine derivatives. Alkanolamines have been used in recovering coal in aqueous slurries and as coal—oil mix stabilizers (175—177). 

Definition Polymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ether of pentaerythritol Properties Wh. fluffy powd., si. char, odor when neutralized with alkali hydroxides or with amines, dissolves in water, alcohol, and glycerin m.w. nominally 1,250,000 vise. 4000-11,000 cps (0.5% aq. disp.) pH 3 (1% disp.) anionic Toxicology No known toxicity TSCA listed Storage Hygroscopic preserve in tight containers Uses Thickener, suspending agent, dispersant, emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care, industrial applies. emulsion stabilizer... 

Classification Tertiary aliphatic amine Formula R-N(CH3)2, R represents hydrogenated tallow radical Properties Cationic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Chemical intermediate, raw material for surfactants emulsifier, antistat, emulsion stabilizer in cosmetics in textiles acid scavenger in petrol, prods. epoxy hardener catalyst in mfg. of flexible PU foams Trade Name Synonyms Amine 2MHBGD [Akzo Nobel Surf. Chem. AB... 

Stabilizers inhibit the chemical reaction between two or more other chemicals, and inhibit the separation of suspensions, emulsions, or foams. Stabilizers include (1) antioxidants that prevent unwanted oxidation of food materials. (2) UV stabilizers that protect food materials from harmful effects of UV radiation, being (a) UV absorbers which absorb UV radiation and prevent it from penetrating the materials, as sunscreens, (b) Quenchers which dissipate the radiation energy as heat instead of letting it break chemical bonds, (c) Scavengers that eliminate the free radicals formed by UV radiation, as hindered-amine light stabilizers. (3) Sequestrants that inactivate traces of metal ions that would otherwise act as catalysts by forming chelate complexes. (4) Emulsifiers and surfactants that stabilize emulsions. 

Uses Emollient, glass frit binders, waxes, emulsion stabilizers, esters, tertiary amines, surfactants, polymers, chemical intermediate emollient, emulsion stabilizer, vise, modifier, conditioner cosmetic formulations, skin care prods. opacifier Properties Lovibond 5Y/0.54 max. flakes, odorless sol. in IPA, acetone, naphtha. It. min. oil m.w. 272 sp.gr. 0.817 (60/25 C) vise. 42 SSU (210 F) m.p. 56-60 C b.p. 337-360 C (760 mm, 90%) acid no. 1.0 max. sapon. no. 3.0 max. 100% cone. 

The surface active properties of aHphatic amine oxides were discovered ia the 1930s and the wetting, detergent, emulsion, and foam stabilizing properties were published shortiy thereafter (42). However, the use of amine oxides was not significant until Procter and Gamble started usiag them ia household products around 1960 (43—46). 

Because nitrile rubber is an unsaturated copolymer it is sensitive to oxidative attack and addition of an antioxidant is necessary. The most common practice is to add an emulsion or dispersion of antioxidant or stabilizer to the latex before coagulation. This is sometimes done batchwise to the latex in the blend tank, and sometimes is added continuously to the latex as it is pumped toward further processing. PhenoHc, amine, and organic phosphite materials are used. Examples are di-Z fZ-butylcatechol, octylated diphenylamine, and tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite [26523-78-4]. All are meant to protect the product from oxidation during drying at elevated temperature and during storage until final use. Most mbber processors add additional antioxidant to their compounds when the NBR is mixed with fillers and curatives in order to extend the life of the final mbber part. 

There has been much activity in this field of corrosion inhibition in recent years which appears to have been prompted by health and safety requirements. As with engine coolants, the use of nitrites, particularly where amines may also be present, needs to be considered carefully. Nitrites have been widely used in cutting, grinding, penetrating, drawing and hydraulic oils. Suggested replacements for nitrites and/or amines make use, inter alia, of various borate compounds, e.g. monoalkanolamide borates. Molybdates have also been proposed in conjunction with other inhibitors, e.g. carbox-ylates, phosphates, etc . Water-based metalworking fluids usually contain other additives in addition to corrosion inhibitors, e.g. for hard-water stability, anti-foam, bactericidal proderties and so on. Thus, claims are made for oil-in-water emulsions with bactericidal and anti-corrosion properties. 

A microemulsion (p.E) is a thermodynamically stable, transparent (in the visible) droplet type dispersion of water (W) and oil (O a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon) stabilized by a surfactant (S) and a cosurfactant (CoS a short amphiphile compound such as an alcohol or an amine) [67]. Sometimes the oil is a water-insoluble organic compound which is also a reactant and the water may contain mineral acids or salts. Because of the small dispersion size, a large amount of surfactant is required to stabilize microemulsions. The droplets are very small (about 100-1000 A [68]), about 100 times smaller than those of a typical emulsion. The existence of giant microemulsions (dispersion size about 6000 A) has been demonstrated [58]. 

Vinyl substituted cyclic hemlamidals 2 and their Interconvertible acetal precursors (eg. acrylamldo-butyraldehyde dimethyl acetal 1) were Incorporated as latent crosslinkers and substrate reactive functional comonomers In solution and emulsion copolymers. Some use and applications data for copolymers prepared with these new monomers are presented. They show low energy cure potential, long shelf life and high catalyzed pot stability In solvent and aqueous media, good substrate reactivity and adhesion, and good product water and solvent resistance. They lack volatile or extractable aldehyde (eg. formaldehyde) components and show enhanced reactivity and hydrolytic stability with amines and diol functional substrates. 

In emulsions, amine hydrochloride constitutes the aqueous phase and acrylic ester the organic phase. Cetyltrimethylanunonium bromide (CTAB) or span/twin (S/T)-type surfactants are used for emulsion polymerization. Solid dispersants such as talc and colloidal silica are often used to stabilize emulsions which are difficult to stabilize with usual surfactants. HydrophiUc colloidal silica (Aerosil 200) drastically increases the stability of some emulsions provided high amounts (up to 10%) of Aerosil are used. Random copolymers containing 10% hydroxyl groups can be used as polymeric dispersants for preparing w/o emulsions. 

Figure 3 illustrates the results obtained in the emulsification of the 0/W Isopropyl myristate/water system by a liposarcosine with a degree of polymerization of 2 and a 18 carbon atoms paraffinic chain. The domain of stability of the emulsions decreases from the liposarcosine chlorhydrate (dotted line), to the liposarcosine (full line) and to the liposarcosine whose terminal amine function has been acetylated (points). 

DOW CORNING Softener SSW is a nonionic emulsion that contains 35 percent of an amine functional silicone fluid. It contains a silicone polymer in which aminoalkyl groups are affixed to a predominantly polydiraethylsiloxane structure. Small amounts of nonionic materials are present to impart stability to the emulsion. Commercially produced emulsions such as DOW CORNING Softener SSW typically contain trace quantities of process impurities. 

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