Surfactant alpha olefin

Gravity override of low density steam leads to poor volumetric sweep efficiency and low oil recovery in steam floods. Nonchemical methods of improving steam volumetric sweep efficiency include completing the injection well so steam is only injected in the lower part of the oil-bearing zone (181), alternating the injection of water and steam (182), and horizontal steam injection wells (183,184). Surfactants frequently are used as steam mobihty control agents to reduce gravity override (185). Field-proven surfactants include alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), alkyltoluene sulfonates, and neutralized... 

Thermal stabihty of the foaming agent in the presence of high temperature steam is essential. Alkylaromatic sulfonates possess superior chemical stabihty at elevated temperatures (205,206). However, alpha-olefin sulfonates have sufficient chemical stabihty to justify their use at steam temperatures characteristic of most U.S. steamflood operations. Decomposition is a desulfonation process which is first order in both surfactant and acid concentrations (206). Because acid is generated in the decomposition, the process is autocatalytic. However, reservoir rock has a substantial buffering effect. 

The alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been found to possess good salt tolerance and chemical stabiUty at elevated temperatures. AOS surfactants exhibit good oil solubilization and low iaterfacial tension over a wide range of temperatures (219,231), whereas less salt tolerant alkylaromatic sulfonates exhibit excellent chemical stabiUty. The nature of the alkyl group, the aryl group, and the aromatic ring isomer distribution can be adjusted to improve surfactant performance under a given set of reservoir conditions (232,233). 

Specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants make up a rather large portion of surfactant production in the United States. Approximately 136,000 metric tons of specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants were produced in 1992, which included alpha-olefin sulfonates, sulfobetaines, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates (64). These materials found use in the areas of household cleaning products, cosmetics (qv), toiletries, emulsion polymerization, and agricultural chemical manufacture. 

In tanneries, sodium bisulfite is used to accelerate the unhairing action of lime. It is also used as a chemical reagent ia the synthesis of surfactants (qv). Addition to alpha-olefins under radical catalyzed conditions yields sodium alkylsulfonates (wetting agents). The addition of sodium bisulfite under base-catalyzed conditions to dialkyl maleates yields the sulfosucciaates. 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

By 2000, the alpha olefin market had grown to more than 3. billion pounds. Technology had brought down the cost of producing them and simultaneously, a broad range of applications for all the alpha olefins expanded rapidly—surfactants, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer alcohols, fatty acids, mercaptans, comonomers, biocides, paper and textile sizing, oil field chemicals, lube oil., additives, plastic processing aids, and cosmetics. 

The lions share, 80-90%, of the alpha olefins produced in. the United States are used In five areas as comonomers in LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene) and HDPE (high density polyethylene), plasticizer alcohols, polyalpha olefins for use in synthetic lubricants, detergent alcohols, and surfactants. The comonomer demand started out exclusively as butene-1, but it is shifting toward hexene-1 and octene-1. Similarly, the specification... 

The variety of alpha olefin application is extensive, including polymers, surfactants, synthetic lubricants, lube oil additives, plasticizer alcohols, mer-captans, and fatty acids. 

Amnionic surfactants used in shampoos, cosmetics, toothpaste, and laundry products include linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES), alcohol glycerol ether sulfonates, and alpha-olefin sulfates. Household end use of anionic surfactants in the United States was 7.3 X 105 metric tons in 1987 LAS, AS, and AES accounted for 98% of the total (I). 

Linear alpha olefins can be copolymerized with polyethylene to form linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and 1-hexene (C6) and 1-octene (C8) are especially useful for this purpose. In addition, linear alpha olefins are used to make detergent alcohols, oxo alcohols for plasticizers, lubricants, lube oil additives, and surfactants are other important products from linear alpha olefins. 

Hu, P.C. (1992). Foaming characteristics of alpha olefin sulphonate and its components. Proceedings 3rd CESIO International Surfactants Congress, vol. D, pp. 334 17. 

Linear primary alcohols and alpha olefins in the C6-C 8 range have enjoyed remarkable growth in the last three decades. As esters, the C6—C,0 alcohols are used for plasticizing PVC. In the C 2-C]g range, the alcohols are used to make readily biodegradable surfactants of various types such as ethoxylates (nonionic), alcohol sulfates, and sulfates of ethoxylates (anionic). Alpha olefins are used as polyethylene comonomer (33%) and as raw materials for detergent alcohols (22%), oxo alcohols (10%), and lubricants and lube oil additives (18%). 

Stratification of asymmetric aqueous films from NaDoS, CTAB and a commercial surfactant (alpha-olefin sulphonate) solutions at C > Ccmc on a decane substrate have been studied by Bergeron and Radke [236], They found three transitions by thickness in the metastable multilayer films. They observed also stratified CTAB aqueous films on glass. The n(/i) isotherms of stratified films were analysed considering also the oscillatory structural component of disjoining pressure. 

Surfactant-Oil-Electrolyte Systems. In this study we used as surfactants alpha-olefin sulfonates C. , C,., and (anionic surfactants, product of Ethyl Corp.) and Enoraet AE 1215-30 (nonionic surfactant, product of Shell Development Co.). For all easurements, the surfactant concentration was chosen at 3.16 x 10 mol/1, several times above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). These particular surfactants (and concentrations) were chosen on the basis of industrial applications (6,7,15). 

Neodene . [Shell] Alpha olefins intermediate for surfactants and specialty industrial chemicals. 

Stepanflo. [Stepan] Alpha olefin sulfonates anionic surfactants for enhanced oil recovery q>erations. 

Tetradecene-1. [Ethyl] C14 alpha olefins intermediate for surfactants and industrial chemicals. 

Linear alpha olefins (LAOs) are useful intermediates for a range of important commodity chemicals (including surfactants, lubricants, plasticizers, etc.). They are produced via ethylene oligomerisation, using transition metal catalysts. A major problem associated with these catalysts is the formation of a broad chain length distribution of ot-olefins. One approach to solving this problem, operating via a uniquely different mechanism, is ethylene trimerization and tetramerization to... 

Storage Store under nitrogen Uses Intermediate for biodeg. surfactants and specialty industrial chemicals prod, of oxo alcohols, alkylated aromatics, epoxides, tanning oils, syn. fatty acids, alpha olefin suifonates... 

Sodium C12-14 olefin sulfonate CAS 85536-12-5 EINECS/ELINCS 287-492-2 Synonyms Sulfonic acids, C12-14-alkane hydroxy and C12-14-alkene, sodium salts Definition Mixt. of long chain sulfonate salts from sulfonation of C12-14 alpha olefins consists of sodium alkene sulfonates and sodium hydroxyalkane sulfonates Uses Surfactant in cosmetics food-pkg. 

---