Surfactants improvement

Due to the good lime soap dispersing properties it is possible to improve the foaming properties of hard water-susceptible surfactants. Improvement of the formulation of a fatty acid soap by laureth-17 carboxylic acid, sodium salt [57,62], and an amidether carboxylate [62] has been described. 

Presence of a DAS surfactant improves tertiary oil recovery although this may cause additional pressure drops across the system. 

R.C. Junge and R.C. Hoseney, A mechanism by which shortening and certain surfactants improve loaf volume in bread, Cereal Chem., 1981, 58, 408-412. 

Selectivity of this kind erases any fears of systemic hypotension and hypoxemia, which is usually associated with other NO donors applied to such model systems. Similar attempts at selective vasodilation have been reported by other groups [94, 95] and further work by Brilli et al. [96] in this field shows how aerosolized NONOates, in combination with surfactant, improve both oxygenation and PVRI in porcine lung... 

A mixed MEKC system employing zwitterionic and non-ionic surfactants was used for the investigation of impurities in imipramine-N-oxide. The non-ionic surfactant improved the resolution keeping the current as low as possible. With this system, four known impurities and... 

Blasco, T., Chica, A., Corma, A., Murphy, W.J., Agundez-Rodriguez, J., and Perez-Pariente, J. (2006) Changing the Si distribution in SAPO-11 by synthesis with surfactants improves the hydroisomerization /dewaxing properties./. Catal., 242, 153-161. 

In general, the use of surfactants improved not only the exp props of Igdanit, but also Its physicochemical props... 

Figure 16. Cationic surfactants improve selectioity with 2-butene...

Jacobs BR, Smith DJ, Zingarelli B, Passerini DJ, Ballard ET, Brilli RJ. 2000. Soluble nitric oxide donor and surfactant improve oxygenation and pulmonary hypertension in porcine lung inj ury. Nitric Oxide 4 412-22... 

Instillation of surfactant improves outcome in premature infants with neonatal respiratory distress. Loss of surfactant is probably a contributing factor in pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults, so there has been an... 

Since y v is always positive, then (d0/dhr C) wiU always have the same sign as the RHS of Equation (18.21). Three cases maybe distinguished (d /dln C) <0 Tgy < TgL + Tlv cosd, when the addition of a surfactant improves wetting (d /dhi... 

U.S. 4740327 (1988) [68] Julemont et al. (Colgate-Palmolive) Clay thickener and anionic surfactant Improved dispensability and processing improved cup retention... 

U.S. 5989533 (1999) Deegan el al. (Revlon) 0.1-20% cationic conditioning agent 0.1-20% ester of a- or (3-hydroxyl acids 0.1-30% fatty alcohol 0.001-10% nonionic surfactant Improved substantive conditioning, shine, body, combing, and fullness no greasy or tacky feel... 

U.S. 5580494 (1996) Sandhu et al. (Colgate-Palmolive) High charge density (>200) cationic polymers with anionic surfactants Improved stability reduce the use of water-insoluble silicone less harsh to hair protein... 

U.S. 5302323 (1994) Hartung et al. (Abbott Lab.) 0.5-2.5% selenium sulfide two suspending agents di(hydrogenated) tallow phthalic acid amide and one selected from hydroxypropylbmethylcellulose and Mg Al silicate pH 4.0-6.5 buffer system with Na citrate and citric acid at least 18% anionic surfactant Improved pH stability, suspension stability, lathering, and conditioning (three-in-one)... 

The initial studies by Cadotte on interfacially formed composite polyamide membranes indicated that monomeric amines behaved poorly in this membrane fabrication approach. This is illustrated in the data listed in Table 5.2, taken from the first public report on the NS-100 membrane.22 Only the polymeric amine polyethylenimine showed development of high rejection membranes at that time. For several years, it was thought that polymeric amine was required to achieve formation of a film that would span the pores in the surface of the microporous polysulfone sheet and resist blowout under pressure However, in 1976, Cadotte and coworkers reported that a monomeric amiri piperazine, could be interfacially reacted with isophthaloyl chloride to give a polyamide barrier layer with salt rejections of 90 to 98% in simulated seawater tests at 1,500 psi.4s This improved membrane formation was achieved through optimization of the interfacial reaction conditions (reactant concentrations, acid acceptors, surfactants). Improved technique after several years of experience in interfacial membrane formation was probably also a factor. 

A modern variation of the above mentioned conditioning process is the coating with surface-active organic chemicals. It was found, however, that not all surfactants improve the physical conditions of granules. It was reported that the caking tendencies can be reduced by as much as 45 % if non-ionic chemicals were used but increased by as much as 37 % with the use of anionic materials. Where in the process the surface-active agents were applied was also found to be of decisive importance. 

Surfactants improve the effectiveness of using conducting silver powders for screen printing [292]. Caprylic acid and triethanolamine were used as surfactants. The pastes obtained after the treatment with surfactants demonstrate a good effectiveness which increase with the surface... 

The poor solubility of intractable electrically conductive polymers has been a serious problem. The authors of [25] have explored a PAni-4- do-decylhpenol complex to improve the dissolution, and it has been shown to be an effective organic corrosion inhibitor. With the surfactant (dodecylphe-nol), PAni could be diluted into the coatings. The surfactant improves the wet adhesion property between the coating and the metal. 

Surfactants improve foam formation by inducing film elasticity, which is helpful when the film is stretched as a gas bubble emerges from a liquid solution to become part of the foam matrix. As the film stretches, differentia surfactant adsorption at the interface leads to surface tension gradients and healing of the film (so it thins with approximately uniform thickness). The optimum surfactant concentration for foam formation (although not foam stability) is around the CMC. 

Uses Surfactant improving surf. act. props, of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants in aq. sol ns. wetting agent for disps. (polishes, paints, varnishes)... 

SEM images show that silicone has filled and sealed the inter-monofilament pores and voids and indicates that the PEG silicone surfactants coating the fabrics were decomposed after plasma treadnent. The cleaved products coating the nylon fabric appear to be distributed very uniformly. This phenomenon is consistent with the results of the contact angle measuranents cleavage of the prepared surfactants leads to water-insoluble silanol moieties and two water-soluble products this process imparts excellent water repellency to the nylon fabric. Zhang et al. (2003) determined antibacterial properties qualitatively through measurements of areas from which S. aureus and K. pneumonia have been eradicated. The silicone coat at the eradicated area is not transparent. Biocidal treatments with both the silicone and PEG 2000 silicone surfactants improved the antibacterial properties of the nylon fabrics. The results we obtained before and alter plasma treatment were similar, especially for S. aureus. Thus, the sample treated with PEG 2000 silicone retained its antibacterial activity and water repellency after plasma treatment (Lin et al., 2006). 

Zwitterionic and amphoteric surfactants are typically used as secondary surfactants. The existence of secondary surfactants obviously implies that there are primary surfactants. The latter are mostly the anionic alkyl sulfates and alkylether sulfates, but also include different types of sulfonates. These very often are the main components of a formulation and provide the basic properties of detergency, wetting and foaming. In modem formulations, however, their base properties are not sufficient and need to be improved by secondary surfactants. Improvement is especially needed with respect to mildness, but foaming and viscosity are also enhanced by the use of secondary surfactants. This is where zwitterionic... 

The results showed that the infants with untreated NRDS had high equilibrium, maximal and minimal y values of the tracheal aspirate. In contrast, the clinical samples from infants after surfactant therapy with Curosurf showed low surface tension values, suggesting that the application of the exogenous surfactant improved the composition and the properties of the pulmonary surfactant in the infants. These results are in agreement with previous reports regarding the efficiency of surfactant application [14]. 

In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the use of ILs as intercalating agents of layered silicates was developed by using quaternary alkylammonium. However, the use of these ILs is limited by their low thermal stability, which implies to focus on more thermostable ILs based on pyridinium, imidazolium, and phosphonium cations. Nevertheless, does the addition of such highly thermostable IL surfactants improve the dispersion of nanofillers in polymer matrices as well as the final properties of the resulting nanocomposites ... 

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