Density steam

A few degrees of superheat are recommended (5-15°F), but if superheated steam is to be used, its effect must be considered in the ejector design. A high degree of superheat is of no advantage because the increase in available energ) is offset by the decrease in steam density [16]. 

NOTE Due to reduced water/steam density differences, some very high... 

The saturated steam density, pj, depends on the jacket temperature, Tj, in the first approximation in accordance with the Ideal Gas Law and hence... 

The determination of the steam density, pj, therefore requires the simultaneous solution of two algebraic equations. This represents an IMPLICIT algebraic loop and cannot be solved within a simulation program without the incorporation of a trial and error convergence procedure. 

In practice the implicit loop calculation can sometimes be easily avoided. This can be done, for example, by formulating an empirical polynomial expression for the saturated steam temperature as a function of the saturated steam density... 

PERIOD = 1 is the heating period using a steam mass flow rate of Fs. The mass balance on the steam jacket determines the steam density ps, which together with a steam table function determines the temperature of the jacket Tj. 

To reduce stiffness at the beginning, an appropriate initial value of the steam density is calculated in the FORTRAN subroutine START, which uses the halfinterval method for the non-linear algebraic equation. Note that the execution may be very slow because of equation stiffness. Increasing the value of CINT during the initial heating period may terminate ISIM execution. 

Temperature from steam density CONSTANT STD0=145.01... 

Tj temperature of jacket content Tj from steam density IF(PERIOD.EQ.1)... 

Gravity override is the migration of the steam to the upper portion of the formation and is caused by the low steam density. This results in channeling of the steam through the upper portion of the reservoir and a low volumetric sweep efficiency. 

Combining the two equations for steam density and pressure gives an implicit equation requiring a numerical root estimation. 

Component B is the desired product of the reaction, and the aim is to find the optimum batch time and temperature to maximise the selectivity for B. Saturated steam density data are taken from steam tables and fitted to a polynomial. The model and data for this example are taken from Luyben (1973). 

Considerable dissolution of salts may occur in the high pressure steam. As the steam density decreases through the... 

Strongly refractive liquid, becoming yellowish on keeping characteristic odor of volatile oil of almond burning aromatic taste. Oxidizes in air to benozic acid volatile with steam. Density, 1.050 at 25°C bp, 178-179°C mp, -26°C.2 3... 

Determine the diameter ratio and steam density. For any orifice meter, diameter ratio = /f = meter orifice diameter, in/pipe internal diameter, in = 5.855/9.760 = 0.5999. 

However, carbon formation and destruction of the cordicntc support were both found to have taken place over the course of vanous test conditions These findings indicated that while the heat transfer into the monolithic catalyst bed improved, (1) the gas-phase hexane cracking reaction that produced carbon precursor species (due to the high void fraction and mass transfer limitation) still existed, and (2) the combination of sustained high temperature and high steam density on cordiente warranted use of only metal monoliths for this application However, the relatively low loading of nickel in the monolith catalyst and the mass transfer limitation still resulted in equivalent conversion under conditions similar to those found in industrial practice... 

CALCULATE THE FLASHED STEAM DENSITY, FLASHED CONDENSATE LIQUID DENSITY AND DENSITY OF MIXTURE (FLASHED CONDENSATE/STEAM) lb/ft 3... 

Using steam tables, determine the pressure at which the water/steam density ratio p,/pR is the same as that specified for the fluid being used. 

The bottomhole pressure of injection wells was determined according to the known barometric formula. However, for the gas wells a correction was made for the increase in gas density. The steam density was calculated to be 20-30% higher on account of the moisture content, and gas density was assumed to equal 0.7 of air density. Inasmuch as the pressure changes in the production-observation wells were not significant, the effects that the injection wells exerted mutually among themselves could be ignored. In other words, it was assumed that all injection wells operated independently of one another. Before the pressure field map was constructed, all pressures measured in the production-observation wells were brought up to the moment at which steam injection was discontinued. Visual extrapolation was used for that puipose. 

Negative reactivity coefficients on the fuel and coolant temperature, on the specific volume of coolant negative steam density and power (integral) coefficients of reactivity ... 

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